Appendices

679. Greek verse was dependent on the quantities (§§ 52–54) of the syllables, and not, like English, on word-accent or on rhythme.

680. Kinds of Poetry. – Greek poetry in general may be grouped under two heads: (1) that which was recited (Recitative), and (2) that which was sung (Lyric), but it should always be remembered that recited poetry was developed from poetry composed to be sung.

Note.– The Doric of the Drama. – The Lyric portions of the Attic drama, out of regard for its Doric origin, were regularly composed in a conventional Doric dialect, formed by writing a for η in all words in which the Attic 7 represents an original a (§ 15): as

ἔκλνον φωνᾶν, ἔκλυον δὲ βοᾱ̀ν

τᾶς δυστᾱ́νου. – E. Med. 131.

681. Metre (µέτρον measure) is the measurement of verse by feet, lines, strophes, etc.

682. In treating of metre it 3s customary and convenient to employ certain arbitrary signs as follows:

1. ^◡ indicates a short syllable (also called a mora, assumed to be equal to ♪).

2. – indicates a long syllable (= two morae, or♩).

3. ﹂ (triseme) indicates a long syllable prolonged to equal three morae (i.e. –^◡ or ♩.)

4. ⏘ (tetraseme) indicates a long syllable prolonged to equal four morae (i.e. – – or 𝅗𝅥 ).

5. ˃ (irrational syllable) indicates a long syllable used in the place where a short normally occurs.

6. ^◡◡ indicates two short syllables used in the place where one short normally occurs: thus, –^◡◡ (cyclic dactyl) indicates a dactyl used as an equivalent of a troches –^◡ (§ 705); so also ^◡◡– (cyclic anapaest) indicates an anapaest used in iambic rhythm. (These are also written –^◡◡ and ^◡◡–).

7. | | short perpendicular lines are used to indicate the divisions between the feet (§ 683).

8. || indicates the divisions between cola (§ 686).

9. ˄ indicates a pause at the end of a verse equal to one mora (^◡).

10. ˄̄ indicates a pause at the end of a verse equal to two morae (–).

(So also ﹂˄ indicates a pause of three morae, and ⏘˄ of four morae.)

11. 𝄓 standing below the line is used to indicate a caesura (§ 690).

A comma (,) is sometimes used for the same purpose.

12. # is used to indicate a diaeresis (§ 690).

13. ⋮is used to indicate anacrusis (§ 706).

FEET

683. A group of syllables having a fixed metrical form is called a foot. The most common kinds of feet are the following:

1. Many other kinds of feet¹⁵⁹ are mentioned by the ancient grammarians, but they may all be explained as variations of the forms already described (cf. 685).

684. Thesis and Arsis. – That part of the foot on which the ictus or rhythmical accent falls is called the Thesis; the rest of the foot is called the Arsis.

685. Substitution. – In many kinds of verse two short syllables (^{◡ ◡}) may be substituted for a long (_), or a long syllable may take the place of two short syllables.

Note. When a long syllable in the thesis is resolved into two short ( 685), the ictus properly belongs to the two, but is usually placed on the first.

COLA

686. Colon. – a group or feet (never more than six) is called a Colon, or a Rhythmical Series.

1. A colon of two feet is called a Dipody, of three feet a Tripody, of four feet a Tetrapody, of five feet a Pentapody, of six feet a Hexapody.

2. But trochaic, iambic, and anapaestic rhythms are measured not by single feet but by the dipody; hence four feet of such a rhythm form a Dimeter, six feet a Trimeter, and eight feet a Tetrameter.

THE VERSE

687. The Verse. – A verse is composed of one, two, or even three cola (§ 686), and is usually written and printed as a single line.

688. Syllaba Anceps. – The last syllable of any verse may be counted as long or short, as the rhythm may demand, without any regard to its actual quantity.

Note. –In the metrical schemes given below the existence of the syllaba anceps is taken for granted.

1. Hiatus (§ 42) is allowed only at the end of a verse (but of. § 2 a).

689. Catalexis. – A verse in which the last foot is incomplete is said to be Catalectic (καταληκτικός stopping short). A verse in which the last foot is complete is called Acatalectic.

1. A part or the whole of the last arsis is omitted in catalexis. If the omitted arsis formed the last part of the foot its place is filled by the pause (˄, 682, 9–10); if it formed the first part of the foot its place is filled by prolonging ( § 682, 3–4) the thesis of the preceding foot: as│◡ ∟́ ∟́│ for│◡ _ ◡ _│.

690. Caesura and Diaeresis. – A Caesura (lit. cutting) occurs whenever a word ends inside a foot. A Diaeresis occurs when the end of a word coincides with the end of a foot.

1. The principal caesura or The Caesura is one which marks also a break in the sense, and which occurs repeatedly at a fixed point in the verse.

Note. In antiquated language a caesura in the second foot is sometimes called tritkemimercd, because it comes after three half-feet (τριθ-ημι-μερής of three half-portions), a caesura in the third foot penthemimeral, etc.

For the Masculine and Feminine Caesuras see § 701, note.

STROPHE AND SYSTEM

691. Strophe. – A group of lyric verses recurring in fixed form is called a Strophe. An Antistrophe is a corresponding strophe immediately following.

Strophe and Antistrophe are sometimes followed by an Epode (not metrically corresponding).

692. System. – Verses are sometimes arranged in a system, in which the syllaba anceps and hiatus are allowed only at the end. Such a system may be regarded as one long verse. For examples see §§ 696; 703, 2.

RHYTHMS

693. Rhythms are named (trochaic, iambic, dactylic, etc.) from their fundamental feet.

TROCHAIC RHYTHMS

694. Trochaic rhythms are usually measured by dipodies (§ 686, 2) consisting of two trochees │_́ ◡ _ ◡│, and they admit the irrational syllable (>, § 682, 5) in the second foot of any dipody. Moreover two shorts may be substituted (§ 685) for the long syllable of the trochee in any foot except the final foot of the verse.

695. Trochaic Tetrameter. The most common trochaic rhythm (used by the line) is the Trochaic Tetrameter catalectic (consisting of two cola, § 686). Its scheme according to (§ 694) is as follows:

«Tell me nót in | moúrnful numbers, # life is but an | 󠌁émpty dream.»

Note. Rarely in proper names a cyclic dactyl ( _ ◡ ◡ , § 682, 6) is used in place of a trochee. More freedom of substitution is usual in the first colon than in the second.

696. Trochaic rhythms are also found sometimes in systems (§ 692) ending in a catalectic dimeter; as

For lyric trochaic rhythms see § 707, 2.

ΙΑΜBΙC RHYTHMS

(Cf. § 706, note)

697. Iambic rhythins are usually measured by dipodies (§ 686, 2) consisting of two iambi |◡ _̀ ◡ _ |, and they admit the irrational syllable (>, § 682, 5) in the first foot of any dipody. Moreover, two shorts may be substituted (§ 685) for the long syllable of the iambus in any foot except the final foot of the verse.

698. Iambic Trimeter. – The most common iambic rhythm (used by the line) is the iambic trimeter. The iambic trimeter of tragedy is metrically much more strict than that of comedy, and, although the irrational syllable is frequent, the resolution of the long syllable (§ 697) is comparatively infrequent. In comedy, however, not only are resolutions numerous, but an anapaest (cyclic, § 682, 6) may stand in place of the iambus in any foot except the last, and the apparent dactyl (> ◡́ ◡) may stand in the fifth foot as well as in the first and third.

The principal caesura usually comes in the third foot.

The scheme of iambic trimeter (showing all possible variations) is as follows:

Note. –In proper names the tragedians sometimes allow the cyclic anapaest (§ 082, 6) iu other feet than the first.

Examples of iambic trimeter are:

“Which, líke a woundjed snáke, drags its | slow l󠌁éngth along”.

Note. – The Choliambus, or “limping trimeter” (σχάζων) has a spondee instead of an fambus in the last foot.

699. Iambic Tetrameter Catalectic. – The iambic tetrameter catalectic, consisting of two cola (§ 686), is often used in comedy. Its scheme

◡ _́ ◡ _ | ◡ _́ ◡ _ ǁ ◡ _́ ◡ _ | ◡ ∟́ _

♯

admits the same variations as the iambic trimeter (§ 698): thus,

«A cáptain bold | of Hálifax, # who lived in coun| try quárters».

1. Iambic rhythms are sometimes found in system (§ 692). For lyric iambic rhythms see § 707, 2.

DACTYLIC RHYTHMS

700. The fundamental foot of dactylic rhythms is the dactyl ( _ ◡ ◡ ), but the spondee ( _ _ ) may be substituted.

701. Dactylic Hexameter. The hexameter is the most common dactylic rhythm. It contains six feet,. of which the last is always a dactyl lacking the last syllable, _ ◡ ˄ (§ 689). The fifth foot is usually a dactyl, but may be a spondee, in which case the verse is called Spondaic. The other feet may be either dactyls or spondees, but dactyls predominate.

1. The principal caesura is usually in the third foot, less often after the thesis in the fourth foot (in which case there is often a corresponding caesura in the second foot). A diaeresis at the end of the fourth foot (Bucolic Diaeresis) is also very common.

Note. – Masculine and Feminine Caesuras. A caesura immediately following the long syllable of the thesis is called masculine, a caesura between the two short syllables of the arsis is called feminine.

2. The scheme of the dactylic hexameter is as follows:

Examples are:

For the synizesis of εω in the first example see § 19, note 2; for the shortening of μοι in the second see § 52 a. Observe that the third example is a spondaic line, and the fourth shows the bucolic diaeresis. For explanations of some other peculiarities of the Homeric verse see §§ 2 a; 13 a; 22 a; 36 a; 44 a; 44, 2 a; 53, a, b; 54 a.

702. The Elegiac Distich. – The Elegiac distich consists of a dactylic hexameter followed by two catalectic dactylic tripodies (which form the so-called pentameter).

The scheme entire is as follows:

Note. – In the pentameter the end of the first tripody always coincides with the end of a word, and neither hiatus (§ 668, 1) nor syllaba anceps (§ 688) is allowed at this point. Observe also that the second tripody does not admit spondees.

1. The Elegiac distich is a favorite metrical form for gnomic and didactic poetry. It is but once used in the extant tragedy, the first two lines of the passage being as follows:

ANAPAESTIC RHYTHMS

(Cf. 706, note)

703. The basis of anapaestic rhythms is the anapest (◡ ◡ _́ ), but for this the spondee ( _ _́ ) or even the dactyl ( _ ◡́ ◡) may be substituted. A dactyl (or the last of two or more dactyls) is regularly followed by a spondee ( _ ◡ ◡ _ _ ), since a dactyl followed by an anapaest (_ ◡ ◡ ◡ ◡ _) would bring four short syllables together.

1. Anapaestic rhythms are usually measured by dipodies (§ 686, 2), and the most common forms are the monometer (of two feet), the dimeter (of four feet), and the dimeter catalectic or Paroemiac. The schemes are as follows:

2. Anapaestic Systems. Anapaestic rhythms were much used by the dramatists in systems (§ 692), a system consisting of a series of anapaestic monometers (usually printed as dimeters, with an occasional monometer) ending with a paroemiac (§ 703, 1). Hiatus and the syllaba anceps are allowed only at the end of the system (i.e. the last syllable of the paroemiac). There is usually a diaeresis (§ 690) at the end of each monometer.

The following is a short anapaestic system:

Note. – Observe that the last syllable in the second line (short by nature) is long by position (§ 53), owing to the following consonauts.

704. Anapaestic Tetrameter. – The anapaestic tetrameter, consisting of one anapaestic dimeter followed by the paroemiac, is much used by the line in comedy.

The scheme is as follows:

Examples are

For lyric anapaestic rhythms (which usually admit more freedom of substitution) see § 709, 2.

LYRIC RHYTHMS

705. Lyric rhythms in general differ from recitative rhythms only in allowing much greater freedom of substitution. Their most notable characteristic is the Procrustean habit of frequently employing feet which are either longer or shorter than the fundamental foot of the verse, but which, by an arbitrary shortening or lengthening, are made to fit the rhythm (cf. § 682, 3–6). Thus, a long syllable of two morae ( _ ) by being lengthened ( ﹂ ), or a dactyl ( _ ◡ ◡) of four morae by being shortened ( _ ◡◡ ) is often employed in a rhythm whose fundamental foot is the trochee ( _ ◡ ) of three morae. Likewise a trochee ( _ ◡ ) of three morae may be used in a dactylic ( _ ◡ ◡ ) rhythm of four morae (as ﹂ ◡ ). But the character of the rhythm may always be determined by the preponderance of the fundamental foot.

706. Anacrusis. In the lyric rhythms each line does not always begin with a complete foot. The extra syllable (or syllables) at the beginning of such a line has received the name of anacrusis (ἀνάκρουσις upward beat).

1. The anacrusis must not be greater than the arsis. Hence we may have ◡ or > or ◡◡ as the anacrusis of a logaoedic verse (§ 707, 1) and ◡ ◡, or _, or ◡, as the anacrusis of a dactylo-epitritic verse (§ 709).

Anacrusis is indicated by⋮.

Note. – Some writers on meter recognize only those feet in which the ictus falls on the first part of the foot (i.e. trochees, dactyls, etc.). By this theory an iambic verse ( ◡ _ | ◡ _ ) is regarded as a catalectic trochaic with anacrusis ( ◡ ⋮ _ ◡ | _ ˄ ) catalectic dactylic with anacrusis, etc. But the ancients recognized rhythms in which the ictus falls on the second part of the foot, as well as the other kind, and such rhythms are often constructed on a differ- ent principle from the others. Hence it seems best to limit anacrusis to the strictly lyric rhythms, where the great variety and complexity of the verses demand the adoption of some simple wr orking hypothesis, although it is not certain that such rhythms were so treated by the ancients.

LYRIC RHYTHMS IN 3/8 TIME

707. The fundamental foot of lyric rhythm in 3/8 time is the trochee ( _ ◡ ), but in place of the trochee may be substituted the tribrach (◡ ◡ ◡), the irrational trochee ( _ >, § 682, 5), the cyclic dactyl ( _ ◡ ◡, § 682, 6), or the triseme (﹂_, § 682, 3). The cyclic dactyls are found before or between trochees, but trochees are not found between dactyls in the same verse. Anacrusis (§ 706) is frequent.

1. Logaoedic Rhythms. Rhythms in 3/8 time containing both trochees and (cyclic) dactyls have received the name of Logaoedic (λóγος speech, prose, ἀοιδή song).

2. Occasionally lyric verses in 3/8 time are found without cyclic dactyls or trisemes, and such verses by themselves might be explained as lyric trochaic, or (if they have anacrusis, cf. § 706, note) as lyric iambic rhythms; but since such verses are seldom found except in connection with other, logaoedic, verses, it is better to treat them all under one general head.

Note 1. – "Basis.» The first foot of a logaoedic verse allows great freedom. It may be a trochee (_́ ◡ ), a tribrach (◡́ ◡ ◡), an irrational trochee ( _́ >), or even an apparent iambus ( ◡́ _ ) or anapaest (◡́ ◡ > ). For an example see § 708, 6.

Note 2. – Logaoedic Rhythms are measured by the single foot. Some of them have acquired special names, which, however, are not particularly important, for a verse can always be described as a dipody, tripody, etc., according to the number of feet it contains.

708. It follows from § 707 that the lyric rhythms in 3/8 time may have great variety of form. Some examples of single verses are given below, but it must be remembered that these verses are, thus, severed from their connection in strophes of which they are an integral part.

The last example might be scanned as a dipody (Adonic _ ◡ ◡│_ ◡ ), but the scansion of such lines is determined by the character of the strophe in which they stand.

The following will serve as examples of tetrapodies, although many more varieties are found:

Some verses contain more than one colon. Examples are:

DACTYLO-EPITRITIC RHYTHMS (2/4 TIME)

709. The fundamental foot of the dactylo-epitritic rhythm is the dactyl (_ ◡◡) or its equivalent spondee (_ _), occurring commonly in groups of two dactyls and a spondee (_ ◡◡ _ ◡◡ _ _). The lengthened trochee (﹂◡, § 682, 3) is also found, followed always by a spondee, the two together forming the so-called Epitrite (﹂◡ _ _). Either of these two combinations may be catalectic (§ 689), and anacrusis (§ 706) is frequent. Occasionally the tetraseme (⏘, § 682, 4), occupying the time of a whole foot, is found.

An example of this rhythm is:

1. Other lyric dactylic rhythms are occasionally found, but they require no further explanation than has already been given.

2. Lyric anapaests also sometimes occur, but they may be explained as dactylic verses with anacrusis (see § 706, note).

OTHER RHYTHMS IN 3/4 AND 5/8 TIME

710. Choriambic Rhythms. – The fundamental foot of choriambic rhythms is the choriambus (_́ ◡ ◡ _). Such rhythms are rare. An example is:

711. Ionic Rhythms. – Ionic rhythms have the ionic ( _ _ ◡ ◡ ) as their fundamental foot, for which occasionally ⏘◡ ◡ (§ 682, 4) is found. Such rhythms are regularly catalectic (§ 689) with anacrusis (§ 706), and by some they are explained as ionic a minore (see § 706 note).

An example is:

Note. – Anaclasis. – The last long syllable and the first short syllable of any foot may be transposed. This is called anaclasis (ἀνάκλασις breaking up): thus,

712. Dochmiac Rhythms. – In some of the lyric portions of tragedy, where great excitement is expressed, a peculiar but unmistakable rhythm, called dochmiac, is often found. The exact nature of this is very uncertain, but it is based on a dipody ◡ _́ _ ◡ _́, which is thought to have a broken rhythm, with alternating 5/8 and 3/8 time.

It allows the irrational long (§ 682, 5) in place of either of the two short syllables, and also freely resolves any one of the three long syllables into two shorts. Hence many variations are possible, but only nineteen are actually found, and some of these very seldom. The following are the most common forms:

Dochmiacs are often found in systems (9 692). A good example is E. Med. 1258–60.

713. Bacchiac Rhythms. – Bacchiac Rhythms (based on the bacchius, ◡ _́ _ ) are seldom found except in connection with other rhythms (usually dochmiac). An example is in Aesch. Pr. 115.

714. Cretic Rhythms. – Cretic rhythms occasionally occur with the cretic ( _́ ◡ _ ) as the fundamental foot, which may be resolved (§ 685) into _́ ◡ ◡ ◡ (first paeon) or ◡́ ◡ ◡ (second paeon). An example is:

715.

716. Nearly all Greek proper names came into the English language through the medium of Latin. Hence the following rule for pronouncing such names:

Write the Greek name in the equivalent Latin letters (see § 1) and pronounce as an English word²¹⁰ with Latin accent.

Note. – In addition to the equivalents given in § 1, the following should be mentioned:

Examples are:

717. The following grammatical terms are still occasionally employed by editors. Most of them explain themselves, but for completeness they are here catalogued.

1. Anacoluthon occurs when the construction of a sentence is changed from that with which it began: as καὶ διαλεγόµενος αὐτῷ, ἔδοξέ µοι οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ εἶναι σοφός and conversing with him, – this man seemed to me (instead of “I thought him ”) to be wise PL. Ap. 21 c.

2. Aphaeresis. – If the second of two words between which synizesis (§ 43, note 2) takes place begins with ε– some editors regard the ε as elided, and so indicate it: as μὴ "γώ for μὴ ἐγώ.

3. Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions between connected words or phrases. It is comparatively rare in Greek, – a language in which conjunctions were very numerous.

4. Brachylogy (brief expression) makes one word do double duty: as κόμαι Χαρίτεσσιν ὁμοῖαι hair like (the hair of) the Graces P 51. ὠπλισμένοι ἦσαν τοῖς αὐτοῖς Κύρῳ ὅπλοις they were armed with the same weapons as (those of) Cyrus Xn. Cy. 7, 1, 2.

5. Chiasmus (from the letter χ) inverts the order of the second pair of two pairs of words: as βασιλεύς τ’ ἀγαθὸς κρατερός τ᾿ αἰχμητής a goodly king and warrior bold Γ 179.

βασιλεύς 7° ἀγαθὸς

Χ

κρατερός 7 αἰχμητής

6. Ellipsis (lack) is the omission of words which would be requisite for a full logical expression of the thought. A good example is ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ just as (one would do) if, etc. Other examples of elliptical expressions are mentioned in §§ 439, note 2; 615; 616; 625, note.

7. Hendiadys (one through two) is the use of two codrdinate words to express what might have been expressed by one word and an attributive: as κράτη καὶ θρόνοι power and throne (i.e. throne of power) S. Ant. 173.

8. Hypallage (interchange) gives to the less important of two words the construction appropriate to the more important: as ὀδύνῃσι πελάζειν to bring him upon troubles (instead of “bring troubles upon him”) E 776.

9. Hyperbaton (overstepping) is a transposition (for the sake of emphasis) of the natural order of words: as παρ’ οὐκ ἐθέλων ἐθελούσῃ unwilling by her willing side, Σ 155.

10. Hypotaxis (opposed to parataxis) is the subordination of one construction to another (cf. § 594, 1 note).

11. Hysteron proteron is ‘putting the cart before the horse’: as εἵματα τ’ ἀμφιέσᾶσα θνώδεα καὶ λοέσᾶσα having clothed him in fragrant garments and given him a bath ε 264.

12. Litŏtes (plainness) and Meiōsis (lessening) are forms of understatement: as οὗ πολλοί not many (i.e. = ὀλίγοι a few).

13. Metonymy (change of name) is the use of one word in place of another which it suggests: as ἀσπὶς μῡρίᾱ ten thousand shield (i.e. soldiers, or men with shields) Xn. A. 1, 7, 10.

14. Oxymōron (keen foolishness) is a combination of apparently contradictory terms such as ‘painful pleasure’ or ‘living death’: thus, ψευσάμενον πιστὸν γενέσθαι to be believed for lis falsehood! Th. 3, 43.

15. Parataxis (opposed to hypotaxis) is the use of codrdinate constructions (cf. § 594, 1 note).

16. Paronomasia is a play on words of similar sound: as ἐπανέστησαν μᾶλλον ἤ ἀπέστησαν they have revolted rather than rebelled Th. 3, 39.

17. Pleonasm is unnecessary fullness of expression: as πειράσοµαι τῷ πάππῳ,… κράτιστος ὢν ἱππεύς, συμμαχεῖν αὐτῷ to my grandfather I shall try, by being a very good horseman, to be an ally to him Xn. Cy. 1, 3, 15. Other examples are mentioned in §§ 434; 601 note; 657, note 2.

18. Prolepsis (anticipation) is properly the use of an adjective which by its meaning anticipates the action of the verb: as δικαίων ἀδίκους φρένας παρασπᾷς you lead astray the unjust minds of righteous men, i.e. “so that they become unjust” S. Ant. 791.

More commonly prolepsis is used of the position of a substantive or a pronoun, which is transferred (usually with a change of case) from a (later) subordinate clause to an (earlier) principal clause: as ᾔδεε γὰρ κατὰ θῡμὸν ἀδελφεὸν ὡς ἐπονεῖτο for he knew in his heart full well how his brother was toiling (lit. « knew his brother how he was toil- ing») B 409. ᾔδει αὐτὸν ὄτι μέσον ἔχοι he knew that he commanded the center Xn. A. 1, 8, 21.

19. Zeugma (yoking) is the forcing of one verb to do the duty of two (dissimilar) verbs: as οὔτε φωνὴν οὔτε του μορφὴν βροτῶν ὄφῃ you shall not (hear) the voice or see the form of any mortal man Aesch. Pr. 21.

719. Square Measure

The Greeks measured small areas by the square foot, and larger areas (like land) by the square plethrum (=10,000 square πόδες, i.e. 97+ x 97+ = 9412 sq. feet, or a little over one-fifth of an acre).

720. Liquid Measure

721. Dry Measure

Note. – Both the liquid and the dry κοτύλη had the same value, but the difference between liquid and dry measure in the United States causes the apparent difference in the tables.

Weights and Money

722. The tables of Greek weights and of money are identical, coins being named and valued by the weight of silver (ον gold) that they contained. he standards, however, were considerably different in different parts of Greece.

In Attica two standards were in use, corresponding to our Troy and Avoirdupois weights. The former consti- tutes the basis of the Attic coinage, and it was used also in weighing precious metals, drugs, ete. The second was used in ordinary commercial transactions. The approximate values of these were as follows:

723. Table of weights

724. Table of Attic Money

Note. – These values are only approximate, and are determined by the value (in gold) of the weight of the silver in the coins. The present great depreciation in the value of silver is not considered, but; it is reckoned as being to gold as 16:1. The purchasing power of money was much greater in antiquity than at present. Cf. Xn. A. 1, 3, 21, where the pay of the soldiers (already very high) is raised from 4 obols (80.12) to a drachma (80.18) a day.

1. The Attic coins (with the exception of the χαλκοῦς, which was of copper) were made of unalloyed silver, and ran from the 1/4 to the four-drachma piece (τετράδραχμov). The daric (δᾱρεικός), a Persian gold coin containing about 125.5 grains of gold, circulated at the value of 20 drachmae. The Cyzicene stater (of electrum, a mixture of gold and silver) was regarded as equivalent to 28 drachmae.

GREEK CHRONOLOGY

725. The Era. – Any particular year was known at Athens by the name of the Archon Eponymus (and in other places by the name of some other important civil or religious official).

Later came the general practice of numbering the years by olympiads (periods of four years each), the first year of the first olympiad (ol. 1, 1) beginning in the middle of the summer of 776 b.c.

Note. Observe that the first half of ol. 1, 1 falls in b.c. 776, and the second half in b.c. 775: thus,

etc.

1. Hence the following rule for changing olympiads into years b.c.: multiply the number of the olympiad by 4, and subtract the product from 780. The remainder, will be the year b.c. in which the first year of that Olympiad began.

726. The Year. – Besides the ordinary divisions of the year into spring (ἦρ), summer (θέρος), autumn (ὀπώρα), and winter (χειμών), the year was divided into twelve months, containing alternately 30 (μῆνες πλήρεις) and 29 (μῆνες κοῖλοι) days each. But such a year ((6 x 30) + (6 x 29) = 354) had only 354 days, and hence was roughly 111/4 days too short. In eight years (8 x 11 1/4 = 90) the difference would amount to 90 days, or three months of 30 days each. So in every cycle of eight years (ἐννεαετηρίς) an extra month of 30 days (Ποσ(ε)ιδεών δεύτερος) was inserted in the 3d, 5th, and 8th year, thus, making those years to contain 384 days. The slight error remaining was variously equated.

1. The year in Attica began theoretically with the summer so1stice (June 21), although actually it varied from the middle of June to the first week in August. The months followed one another in the following order:

Note. – The names of the Attic months readily recalled by the following nonsense: Hector Met a Boy with a Pie. “My Poor Gamin!” Answered with A͡ laugh “Money, Theere, Skip!”

727. The Month. The days of the month were usually reckoned as follows:

1. νουμηνία.

2–10. δευτέρᾶ (τρίτη, etc²¹¹. § 152) ἱσταμένου, – δεκάτη ἱσταμένου.

11. ἐνδεκάτη.

12. δωδεκάτη.

13–19. τρίτη (etc. § 152) ἐπὶ δέκα – ἐνάτῃ ἐπὶ δέκα.

20. εἰκάς, or δεκάτη προτέρᾶ.

21. δεκάτη φθίνοντος or δεκάτη ὑστέρᾷ.

22–29, ἐνάτῃ (ὀγδόη, etc²¹². § 152) φθίνοντος – δευτέρᾶ φθίνοντος.

30. ἔνη καὶ νέα.

In the months of 29 days the δευτέρᾶ φθίνοντος was omitted.

Note. – Later the days 22–29 were also designated as δευτέρα (τρίτη, ete.) μετ’ εἰκάδας.

728. The Day. – The Greeks had no accurate divisions of the day (which was reckoned from sunrise to sunset), but employed the usual rough divisions of morning (πρωί), mid-day (μεσημβρίᾱ), and afternoon (δείλη). Other designations such as ὄρθρος dawn, περὶ πλήθουσαν ἀγορᾱ́ν about the time the market place is crowded (10 or 11 óclock), περὶ ἄριστον about lunch time, etc., were also used.

The early part of the night was called ἑσπέρᾱ evening, and midnight was μέση νύξ.

For measuring a definite lapse of time (as in the law courts) the water clock (κλεψύδρα) was employed.

729. LIST OF VERBS

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

In the following list, as a rule, only those tenses are given which actually occur in the works of the classical writers which have been preserved, but there is good reason to believe that, in most verbs, the other tenses, not listed here, were also in use; but, by chance, no instance of such use happens to survive. Nor is it at all certain that some of the verbs classed as poetic or Ιonic may not have been used also in prose. Such a classification is necessarily arbitrary, and it is made only for convenience.

ἀγάλλῳ (ἀγαλ-, § 195, 3) adorn, fut. ἀγαλᾶ, 1st aor. ἤγηλα.

ἄγα-μαι admire, aor. ἠγάσθην (§ 158, 3), vbl. ἀγαστός (§ 189).

ἀγγέλλῳ (ἀγγελ-, § 195, 3) announce, fut. ἀγγελῶ, 1st aor. ἦγγειλα, 1st perf. ἤγγελκα, perf. mid. ἤγγελμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἠγγέλθην.

ἀγείρῳ (ἀγερ-, § 195, 4, of. ἀγορᾱ́) collect, 1st aor. ἤγειρα.

ἄγ-νδ-μι (§ 196, 5, theme ἀγ-, for ϝαγ-, § 2 a) break (in composition also ἀγνύῳ), fut. (κατ)άξω, 1st aor. (κατ)έαξα (§ 172, 2), 2d pf. (κατ)έᾶγα (§§ 180; 494, 3), 2d aor. pass. (κατ)εᾶγην (§ 172, 2). ἄγ-ω (§ 193) lead, fut. ἄξω (cf. § 515, 1), 2d aor. ἤγαγον (§ 208, 1), 2d perf. ἦχα (§ 219, 1), perf. mid. ἦγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἤχθην, vbl. ἀκτέος.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἀγωνίζομαι (§ 292, 6) contend (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. ἀγωνιοῦμαι (§ 215), 1st aor. ἠγωνισάμην, perf. ἠγώνισμαι, vbl. ἀγωνιστέος.

ᾇδ-ω (ᾱ́δ-, § 193) sing, fut. ᾄσομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ᾔσα, 1st aor. pass. ᾔσθην, vbl. ᾀστέος.

αἰδοῦμαι (-έομαι) (αἶδεσ-, § 188) fear, respect, fut. αἰδίσομαι and αἶδεσθήσομαι (see § 519, note 2), aor. ἠδίσθην (less often ἠδεσάμην, § 158, 3), perf. ᾖδεσμαι.

αἰκίζομαι (§ 292, 6; middle deponent, § 158, 3) outrage, fut. αἰκιοῦμαι (§ 215), aor. ἠκισάμην, perf. ᾖκισμαι, 1st aor. pass. ᾖκίσθην (§ 510).

αἰνῶ (-έ-ω, § 185) praise (usually in composition), fut. αἰνέσω, and also fut. mid. –αἰνέσομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. –ἥνεσα, perf. –ἥνεκα, perf. pass. ἤνημαι (§ 188, 1), 1st aor. pass. ᾖνέθην, vbl. αἰνετέος.

αἱρῶ (-έω) (αἱρε-, § 193) take (mid. choose), fut. αἱρήσω (§ 187), aor. supplied (§ 164) by 2d aor. εἶλον (§ 172, 2, from stem ἑλ-, subj. ἕλω, opt. ἔλοιμι, etc.), 1st perf. ᾔρηκα, perf. mid. ᾔρημαι, 1st aor. pass. ἠρέθην (§ 188, 1), vbl. αἱρετέος (§ 188, 1).

αἴρω (for *ᾱ́ρ-ιω (ᾱ́ρ-) § 195, 4) raise, fut. ᾱ́ρῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἦρα (subj. ἄρω, opt. ἄραιμι, etc.), perf. ἧρκα, perf. mid. ἧρμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἤρθην (fut. pass. ᾱ’ρθήσομαι), vbl. ᾱ’ρτέος.

αἰσθ-άν-ομαι (§ 196, 2, theme αἰσθ-) perceive (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. αἰσθήσομαι, 2d aor. ᾖσθόμην, perf. ᾖσθημαι.

αἰσχῡ́ (§§ 292, 9; 195, 4, theme αἰσχυν-) disgrace (mid. feel ashamed), fut. αἰσχυνῶ, 1st aor. ᾖσχῡνα (perf. mid. partic. epic ἠσχυμμένος), 1st aor. pass. ἠσχύνθην, vbl. αἰσχυντέος.

αἰτιῶμαι (-άομαι, § 193) blame, fut. αἰτιᾱ́σομαι, etc. (§ 187), middle deponent (§ 158, 3) regular.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. onic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἀκοῦμαι (-έομαι, § 188, theme ἀκεσ-) heal (middle deponent, § 158, 3), aor. ἠκεσάμην, vbl. ἀκεστός (§ 189).

ἀκού-ω (§ 193) hear, fut. mid. ἀκούσομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἤκουσα, 2d perf. ἀκήκοα (§ 179; for *ἀκήκορα, § 21), 1st aor. pass. ἠκούσθην (§ 189), vbls. ἀκουστός, –τέος.

ἀκροῶμαι (-ομαι, § 193) listen, fut. ἀκροάσομαι (§ 187), οἷο., middle deponent (§ 158, 3) regular.

ἀλαλάζω (§ 100, 2, ἀλαλαγ-) raise the war-cry, fut. ἀλαλάξομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἠλάλαξα.

ἀλείφ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme ἀλειφ-, ἀλιφ-, § 14, 2) anoint, fut. ἀλείψω, 1st aor. ἤλειψα, 2d perf. ἀλήλιφα (§ 170, § 219, note 2), perf. mid. ἀλήλιμμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἠλείφθην, vbl. ἁλεπτέος.

ἀλέξω (§ 193; theme ἀλεξ-, ἀλεκ, ἀλκ, § 14, 1) fut. ἀλέξομαι, 1st aor. ἠλεξάμην.

(ἀλίνδω) roll, 1st aor. ἤλίσα, 1st perf. ἤλίκα, perf. pass. part. ἠλύνδημένος (§ 190).

ἀλ-ίσκομαι (§ 197, theme ἁλ-, ἁλο-) be taken (used as pass. of αἱρῶ), fut. άλώσομαι, 2d aor. ἑᾱ́λων or ἥλων (§ 172, 2, subj. ἀλῶ, etc., opt. ἁλοίην, etc., inf. ἀλῶναι, partic. ἁλούς, § 256), 1st perf. ἑᾱ́λωκα or ἥλωκα, vbl. ἁλωτός.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἄλλαττω (§ 195, note 2; ἄλλαγ- ) change, fut. ἄλλάξω, 1st aor. ἤλλαξα, 2d perf. –ήλλαχα (§ 219, 1), perf. mid. ἤλλαγμαι, aorists pass. ἠλλάχθην (1st) and ἠλλάγην (2d), vbl. ἀλλακτέος.

ἄλλομαι (§ 195, 3, theme ἀλ-) leap, fut. ἁλοῦμαι, 1st aor. ἠλάμην (§ 204).

ἀλοῶ (-άω, § 193) thrash, 1st aor. ἠλόησα, perf. mid. ἠλόημαι,

ἀλῶ (-έω, § 188) grind, fut. ἀλῶ (§ 212, 1), 1st aor. ἥλεσα (§ 188), pf. mid. ἀλήλε(σ)μαι (§ 179).

ἁμαρτάνω (§ 196, 2; theme ἁμαρτ– and ἁμαρτε-, § 190) err, fut. ἁμαρτήσοµαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἤμαρτον, 1st perf. ἡμάρτηκα, perf. mid. ἡμάρτημαι, 1st aor. pass. ἡμαρτήθην, vbls. –αμάρτητος, –τέος.

ἀμβλ-ίσκω (§ 107, ἀμβλ– and ἀμβλο-) miscarry, 1st aor. –ήμβλωσα, 1st perf. –ήμβλωκα, perf. mid. ἤμβλωμαι [1st aor. pass. ἡμβλώθην, late].

ἀμπ-έχω and ἀμπ–ίσχω (ἀμφί + ἔχω, § 40) have about, put about, clothe, like ἔχω and ἴσχω, q.v., but for the augment (ἠμπειχόμην) see § 175, note.

ἀμῡ́νω (§ 195, 4; ἀμυν-) ward off (mid. defend, § 506), fut. ἀμυνῶ, 1st aor. ἤμῡνα, vbl. ἀμυντέος. For ἠμῡ́ναθον see § 191 a.

ἁμύττω (§195, 1; ἀμυχ-) scratch, fut. ἀμύξω, 1st aor. ἤμυξα.

ἀμφιγνοῶ (-έω, § 193) doubt, regular, but impf. ἤμφεγνόουν (§ 175, note), 1st aor. ἠμφεγνόησα (§ 175, note).

ἀμφιέννῡμι clothe, see ἔννῡμι.

ἀμφισβητῶ (-έω, § 193) dispute, regular, but impf. ἠμφεσβήτουν (§ 175, note), 1st aor. ἠμφεσβήτησα (§ 175, note).

ἀναίνομαι (§ 195, 4) refuse, mostly poetic; see below.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἀνᾱλ-ίσκω (for ἀνα–ϝαλ–ισκω, § 2a; theme ἀνᾱλ-, § 197), also ἀναλῶ (-όω, theme ἀνᾱλο-) expend, fut. ἀνδλόσω, 1st aor. ἀνήλωσα, 1st perf. ἀνήλωκα, perf. mid. ἀνήλωμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἀνηλώθην, vbl. ἀνδλωτέος.

ἀνδάνω (§ 196, 2; theme ἁδ– for *σραδ-, § 36 a), mostly epic and Ionic (see below), but partic. ἄσμενος pleasing is much used as an adjective.

ἀνέχω hold up, ἀνέχομαι endure, like ἔχω, but for the augment (ἠνειχόμην) see § 175, note.

ἀν-οίγω open, see οἴγω.

ἀντιβολῶ (-έω) meet, beseech, often has two augments (§ 175, note), as 1st aor. ἠντεβόλησα.

ἀντιδικῶ (-έω) be a defendant, sometimes has two augments (§ 175, note), as 1st aor. ἠντεδίκησα.

ἁνύ-ω (§ 193) and ἀνύτω (§ 194) accomplish, fut. ἀνύσω, 1st aor. ἤνυσα, 1st pert. ἥνυκα, perf. mid. ἥνυσμαι, vbl. ἀνυστός.

ἅπτω (§ 191; theme ἁφ-, § 25) fusten, kindle, fut. ἄψω, 1st aor. ἦψα, perf. mid. ἦμμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἤφθην.

ἀράττω (§ 195, note 2; theme ἀραγ-) strike, fut. ἀράξω, 1st aor. ἤραξα, 1st aor. pass. ἠράχθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἀρέ-σκω (§197; theme ἀρe-, § 189) please, fut. ἀρέσω, 1st aor. ἤρεσα, vbl. ἀρεστός.

ἀρκῶ (-έω, § 188) assist, suffice, fut. ἀρκέσω (§ 188), 1st aor. ἥρκεσα (§ 188).

ἁρμόττω (§ 195, note 2, ἁρμογ-), also ἁρμόζω (§ 195, 2, ἁρμοδ-) fit, fut. ἁρμόσῳ, 1st aor. ἥρμοσα, perf. mid. ἥρμοσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἠρμόσθην (§ 189), vbl. ἁρμοστέος.

ἀρνοῦμαι (-έομαι, § 187) deny; passive deponent (§ 158, 3) regular.

ἁρπάζω (§ 195, 2; theme ἁρπαγ-, but see § 195, 2 a) seize, snatch, fut. ἁρπάσομαι (§ 507), seldom ἁρπάσω, 1st aor. ἤρπασα, 1st perf. ἤρπακα, perf. mid. or pass. ἤρπασμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἠρπάσθην.

(ἀρτῡ́νω) ἁρτύ–ω (§ 193) prepare, fut. ἁρτύσω, 1st aor. ἡρτῡσα, 1st perf. –ήρτῡκα, perf. mid. ἥρτῡμαι, 1st nor. pass. ἠρτύθην.

ἀρύ-ω (§ 193) and ἀρύ-τω (§ 108) draw (water), 1st aor. ἤρυσα, 1st aor. pass. ἠρύθην, vbl. –αρυστέος (§ 189).

ἄρχ-ω (§ 193) begin, command, fut. ἄρξω, 1st aor. ἦρξα, 2d perf. ἦρχα, perf. mid. ἦργμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἤρχθην, vbl. ἀρκτέος.

ἀρῶ (-όω, § 188) plow, 1st aor. ἤροσα (§ 188), 1st aor. pas. ἠρόθην (§ 188).

ἀρῶμαι (-άομαι, § 187) pray (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. –αρᾱ́σομαι, 1st aor. ἠρᾱσάμην, perf. –ήρᾶμαι.

αὐαίνω (for *αὐαν–ιω, § 100, 4) dry, fut. αὐανῶ, 1st aor. ηὔηνα, 1st aor. pass. ηὑάνθην.

αὐλίζομαι encamp (middle and passive deponent, § 158, 3), aor. ηὐλίσθην and ηὐλισάμην.

αὐξάνω (§196, 2, αὖξ-) and αὔξ–ω (§ 193) make to increase, grow, fut. αὐξήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ηὕξησα (§ 190), 1st perf. ηὕξηκα (§ 190), perf. mid. ηὔξημαι, 1st aor. pass. ηὐξήθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἄχθ-ομαι (5 193, theme ἀχθ– and ἀχθεσ-) be oppressed in spirit, displeased (passive deponent, § 155, 3), fut. ὀχθέσομαι (§ 188) and ἀχθεσθήσομαι (§ 519, note 2), 1st aor. ἠχθέσθην (§ 189).

βαδίζῳ (cf. § 292, 6) go, fut. βαδιοῦμαι (§ 215 and § 507), vbl. βαδιστέον.

βαίνω (for *βαν–ιω, § 195, 4; theme βα-, in the present βα–ν-, § 196) go, fut. βήσομαι (§ 507), βήσω shall cause to go (cf. § 494, 1, note), 1st aor. ἔβησα caused to go (§ 494, 1), 2d aor. ἔβην went (§ 494), 1st pf. βέβηκα, pf. mid. βέβαμαι, 1st aor. pass. –ἐβάθην, vbls. βατός, –βατέος.

βάλλω (for *βαλ–ιω, § 195, 3, theme βαλ-) throw, fut. βαλῶ (rarely βαλλήσω (§ 190) of continued action; cf. § 519), 2d aor. ἔβαλον, 1st pf. βέβληκα (§ 218, 3), pf. mid. βέβλημαι (§ 224, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἑβλήθην (§ 231, 2), vbL βλητέος.

βάπ-τω (§ 194; theme βαφ-) dip, fut. βάψω, 1st aor. ἔβαψα, pf. mid. βέβαμμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐβάφην, vbl. βαπτός.

βιάζοµαι, force, middle deponent (§ 158, 3), regular, has also aor. pass. ἐβιάσθην was forced (§ 510).

βιβάζω make go, fut. βιβάσω and βιβῶ (§ 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐβίβασα, vbl. βιβαστέος.

βιβρό-σκω (§ 197, 1; theme βρω-) eat, 1st pf. βέβρωκα (2d pf. partic. βεβρῶτες, § 220), pf. mid. βέβρωμαι, other forms supplied from ἰσθίω, q.v.

βιῶ (-όω, § 292, 1) live, fut. βιώσομαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἑβίων (rarely 1st aor. ἑβίωσα), 1st pf. βεβίωκα, pf. mid. βεβίωμαι, vbls. βιωτός, βιωτέος.

(βιώ-σκομαι) ἀνα–βιώσκομαι (§ 197) recive, 1st aor. ἀνεβιωσάμην (§ 207, note 3), and 2d aor. ἀνεβίων (§ 207, note 3).

βλάπτω (§ 194; theme βλαβ-) hurt, fut. βλάψω, 1st aor. ἔβλαψα, 2d pf. βέβλαφα (§ 219, 1), pf. mid. βέβλαμμαι, aorists pass. ἐβλάφθην (1^st) and ἐβλάβην (2d).

βλαστάνω (§ 196 ,2; theme βλαστ-) sprout, 2d aor. ἕβλαστον, 1st pf. βεβλάστηκα (§ 190) and sometimes ἑβλάστηκα (cf. § 178, 1).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the ‘bottom of the page.]

βλέπ-ω (§ 193) see, fut. βλέψομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἔβλεψα.

βλίττω (for *μ(β)λιτ-ιω, § 195, 1, from theme µλιτ– (μέλι, µέλιτ–ος honey) with sympathetic β, before which μ disappears) take honey, 1st aor. ἕβλισα, .

βόσκω feed, fut. βοσκήσω (§ 190), vbl. βοσκητέος (§ 190).

βούλ-ομαι (§ 193; theme βουλ– and βουλε-, § 190), passive deponent (§ 158, 3) will, wish, fut. βουλήσομαι (§ 190), 1st aor. ἐβουλήθην and ἠβουλήθην, perf. βεβούλημαι, vbl. βουλητός.

βοῶ (-ἄω, § 292, 3) cry out, fut. βοήσομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἐβόησα.

βῡνῶ (-νέ–ω, § 106, 4; theme βυ-) stop up, fut. βύσω, 1st aor. ἔβῡσα, pf. pass. βέβυσμαι (§ 189), vbl. βυστός.

γαμῶ (-έω, §§ 190; 193) marry (see § 506), fut. γαμῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἔγημα, pL. γεγάµηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. and pass. γεγάµηµαι (§ 190), vbls. γαμετός (§ 188, 1) and γαµητέος.

γελῶ (-άω, § 193) laugh, fut. γελάσοµαι (§§ 188; 507), 1st aor. ἐγέλασα (§ 188), 1st aor. pass. ἐγελάσθην (§ 189).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

(γηθῶ (-έω)) rejoice (cf. § 190), 2d pf. γέγηθα (§ 535).

γηρά-σκω (§ 197) and γηρῶ (-άω, § 292, 3) grow old, fut. γηρᾱ́σομαι (§ 507) rarely γηρᾱ́σω, 1st aor. ἐγήρᾱσα, 1st pf. γεγήρᾱκα.

γί-γν-ομαι (§ 193, 3; theme γον-, γεν-, γν-, § 14) become, be, fut. γενήσοµαι (§ 190), 2d aor. ἐγενόμην (§ 158, 3), pf. γεγένηµαι, 2d pf. γέγονα (§ 494, 2).

γι-γνώ-σκω (§ 197, 1; γνω-) know, fut. γνώσοµαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔγνων (subj. γνῶ, opt. γνοίην, impv. γνῶθε, inf. γνῶναι, partic. γνούς, cf. § 256), 1st pf. ἔγνωκα, pf. mid. ἔγνωσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐγνώσθην (§ 189), vbls. γνωστός, γνωστέος (§ 189).

γλύφ-ω grave, regular, but pf. mid. γέγλυµμαι and ἔγλυμμαι (cf. § 178, 1).

γράφ-ω (§ 193) write, fut. γράψω, 1st aor. ἔγραψα, 2d pf. γέγραφα, pf. mid. γέγραµµαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐγράφην, vbl. γραπτός.

γρύζω (§ 195, 2; γρυγ-) grunt, fut. γρύξομαι (rarely γρύξω, § 507), 1st aor. ἔγρυξα.

δάκ-νω (§196, 1; theme δακ-, δηκ-, § 13) bite, fut. δήξομαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔδακον (§ 208), pf. mid. δέδηγµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐδήχθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

δαμάζω (cf. § 202, 6) subdue, 1st aor. ἐδάμασα, 1st aor. pass. ἐδαμάσθην.

(δαρθ-άν-ω) (§ 196, 2) sleep (usually κατα-δαρθάνω), 2d aor. κατ-έδαρθον, 1st pf. partic. κατα–δεδαρθηκώς (§ 190).

(βατέομαι) (cf. δαίοµαι) divide, 1st aor. mid. (ἀνλεδασάμην, pf. mid. (ἀνα)δίδασμαι (§ 189), vbl. (ἀνά)δαστος.

δέδοικα be afraid, see [δίω].

δείκ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5) show (also δεικνύω), fut. δείξω, 1st aor. ἔδειξα, etc., regular. See § 254.

δέρω (also δείρω, § 195, 4; theme δερ-, δαρ-, § 14, 1) flay, fut. δερῶ, 1st aor. ἔδειρα, pf. mid. δέδαρµαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. ἐδάρην (§ 232, 2).

δέχ-ομαι (§ 193) receive, fut. δέξοµαι, st aor. ἐδεξάμην, rarely ἐδέχθην (§ 158, 3). pf. δέδεγµαι, 1st aor. pass. (§ 510) ἐδέχθην (usually in composition), vbl. δεκτέος.

δέῳ (for *δεϝ–ω, § 2 a, § 193, 2 note) need, lack (cf. § 199, 2), fut. δεήσω. (§ 190), 1st aor. ἐδέησα (§ 190), 1st pf. δεδίηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. δεδέημαι (§ 190), 1st aor. pass. ἐδεήθην (§ 190). Ιmpersonal δεῖ it is necessary.

Διαιτῶ (-άω, § 193) regulate (life), arbitrate, fut. διαιτήσω, 1st aor. διῄτησα and –εδιῄτησα (§ 175, 1 and note), 1st pf. δεδιῄτηκα (§ 181), pf. pass. δεδιῄτημαι, 1st aor. pass. διῃτήθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

δι-δά-σκω (§ 197, 1; root δα, q.v., but the present theme (διδαχ– ?, cf. διδαχή teaching) has been carried into the other tenses) teach, fut. διδάξω, 1st aor. ἑδίδαξα (see § 515, 1), 2d pf. δεδίδαχα, pf. mid. δεδίδαγµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐδιδάχθην, vbls. διδακτός, διδακτέος.

δι-δρᾶ-σκω (§ 197, 1; theme δρᾱ-), only in composition, run away, fut. δρᾱ́σοµαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔδρᾱν (subj. –δρῶ, –ᾷς, –ᾷ etc., opt. –δραίην (like σταίην͵ § 257), infin. –δρᾶναι, partic. –δρᾱ́ς, –ᾶσα, –άν), 1st pf. –δέδρᾱκα.

δί-δω-μι (§ 193, 3; for the inflection see § 252) give, fut. δώσω, aor. δωκα (§211, 3; for the inflection see § 90), 1st pf. δέδωκα, pf. wid. δέδοµαι (§ 188, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐδόθην (§ 188, 1), vbls. δοτός, δοτέος.

[δίω] theme δοι-, δει-, δι-, § 14, 2 (for *δϝοι– etc.), 1st aor. ἔδεισα, 1st pf. δέδοικα, and 2d pf. δέδια, rare in the singular (cf. §§ 219 a; 220; and the inflection of ἕστατον § 258).

διώκ-ω (§ 193) pursue, fut. διόξω or διάξοµαι (§ 507), etc., regular. For διωκάθω see § 191 a.

δοκῶ (-έω, § 190) seem, think, fut. δόξω, 1st aor. ἔδοξα (1st pf. δεδόκηκα), pf. mid. δέδογµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐδόχθην.

δρῶ (-άω, § 193) do, fut. δρᾱ́σω, etc., regular, but 1st aor. pass. ἐδρᾱ́σθην (§ 189), vbl. δρᾱστέος (§ 189).

δύνα-μαι (§ 193) be able (augment sometimes ἠ-; for accent of pres. opt. see § 900 note), fut. δυνήσοµαι, aor. pass. ἐδυνήθην (and ἡδυνήθην), pf. δεδύνημαι, vbl. δυνατός.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

δύ-ω (§ 193) cause to enter, enter (§ 493, 1) (also rarely δῡ́–νω (§ 196,1) sink), fut. δύσω, 1st aor. ἔδῡσα (trans, § 494, 1), 2d aor. ἔδῡν (intrans. § 491, 1, for the inflection see § 257), 1st pf. δέδῡκα (§ 494, 3), sometimes also δέδύκα transitive, pf. mid. δέδυµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐδύθην, vbl. δντέος.

δῶ (δέω, § 199, 2 note) bind, fut. δήσω, 1st aor. ἔδησα, 1st pf. δέδεκα (§ 188, 1), pf. mid. δέδεµαι (fut. pf. δεδήσοµαι, § 228), 1st aor. pass. ἐδέθην (§ 188, 1), vbls. δετός͵ δητός (§ 188, 1) and δετέος.

ἐγείρω (for *ἐγερ–ιω, § 195, 4; theme ἐγορ-, ἐγερ-, ἐyp, § 14) wake, rouse, fut. ἐγερῶ, 1st aor. ἤγειρα, 2d aor. mid. ἠγρόμην awoke, 2d pf. ἐγρήγορα (with sympathetic ρ for *ἐγ–ηγορα, § 179), 1st aor. pass. ἠγέρθην, vbl. ἐγερτέος.

ἐγκωμιάζω praise, takes its augment and reduplication after the preposition (§ 175, 1).

ἐγχειρῶ, attempt, ἐγχειρίζω put in one’s hands, augment after the preposition (§175, 1): as ἐνεχείρησα.

[root ἐδ for *σεδ-, § 36] ἕζομαι sit, usually καθέζοµαι, fut. καθεδοῡμαι (cf. § 212, 1), [1st aor. εἶσα] 1st aor. mid. εἰσάμην (§ 172, 2).

ἐθῶλ-ω (§193), or less often θέλ-ω wish (impf. ἤθελον), fut. ἐθελήσω or θελήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ἠθέλησα (§ 190, but subj. ἐθελήσω or θελήσω, opt. ἐθελήσαιμι or θελήσαιμι, etc.), st pf. ἠθέληκα (§ 190).

ἐθίζω (§ 292, 6; theme σϝεθ, § 36 a) accustom, fut. ἐθιῶ (§ 215), 1st aor. εἴθισα (§ 172, 2), 1st pf. εἴθικα (§ 180), pf. mid. εἴθισμαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. εἰθίσθην (§ 172, 2).

[ἔθω (for *σϝεθω, § 36 a)] be accustomed, 2d pf. εἴωθα am accustomed (for *σε–σϝοθα, cf. §§ 16; 36; 37; 219, 3), 2d plupf. εἰώθη.

εἶδον saw (2d aor.), see [ἰδ-].

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

εἰκάζω liken, guess (regular) augments usually to ᾖ– (cf. § 173, 1).

εἴκω yield (regular). For εἴκαθον see § 191 a.

[root εἰκ-, also ἐκ– and οἰκ-, § 14, 2 (for *ϝεικ– etc., § 2 a)], fut. εἴξω (cf. § 519 note 2), 2d pf. ἔοικα (§ 180) with 3d pl. εἴξᾱσι = ἐοίκᾱσι, 2d plupf. ἐῴκη (for *ἐ-ϝε-ϝοικη) and ᾖκη (cf. plupf. of οἶδα, § 259).

εἴλλω see ἴλλω.

(αἰλῶ(-έω)) press hard, drive together, 1st aor. pass. (ἀν-)ειλήθην.

εἶμι go, see § 201; εἰμί be, see § 262.

εἶπον said (2d aor), see [ἐπ-].

εἴργω (§ 193) shut in or out, also εἴργνῡμι and (rarely) εἰργνύω (§ 196, 5) shut in, fut. εἴρξω, 1st aor. εἷρξα, pf. mid. εἷργμαι, 1st aor. pass. εἴρχθην, vbls. εἰρκτός, εἰρκτέος. With a rough breathing (εἱργ-) the word is said to mean shut in, aud with a smooth breathing (εἰργ-) shut out, but the distinction is not always observed.

(εἴρομαι) ask, fut. ἐρήσομαι (§ 190), 2d aor. ἠρόμην.

(εἴρω) theme ἐρ– (for *ϝερ. § 2 a) and ῥη– (for *ϝρη, § 38, 1) say, fut. ἐρῶ, aor. supplied by εἶπον said, 1st pf. εἴρηκα (§ 178, 2 for *ϝε-ϝρη-κα, § 16), pf. pass. εἴρημαι (fut. pf. εἰρήσομαι), 1st aor. pass. ἐρρήθην (fut. pass. ῥηθήσομαι), vbls. ῥητός, –τέος.

εἴρω (§ 195, 4; theme ἐρ– for *σερ-) knit, join, 1st aor. –εἷρα, 1st pf. –εἷρκα, pf. mid. εἷρμαι (§ 180).

ἐκκλησιάζω call an assembly, augment ἠκκλη– and ἐξεκλη– (§ 175, 1).

[Attic principal parts in full faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

Ἐλαύνω (for *ἐλα–νυ–ω, § 196, 5, theme ἐλα-) drive, fut. ἐλῶ (212, 1), ist aor. ἤλασα, ist pf. ἐλήλακα, pf. pass. ἐλήλαμαι, ist aor. pass. ἠλάθην, vbl. ἑλατέος.

ἐλέγχ-ω (§ 193) examine, confute, fut. ἐλέγξω, etc., regular, but pf. mid. ἐλήλεγμαι (§§ 179, 247).

ἐλελίζω raise the war-cry, 1st aor. ἠλέλιξα.

ἑλίττω, εἱλίττω (§ 195, 1; ἐλικ-) roll, fut. ἑλίξω, 1st aor. εἴλιξα (§ 172, 2), pf. pass. εἴλιγμαι (§ 180), 1st aor. pass. ἐῑλίχθην (§172, 2), vbl. ἑλικτός.

ἔλκ-ω (§ 193), draw, fut. ἔλξω, other tenses from theme ἕλκὺ-, 1st aor. εἴλκυσα (§ 172, 2), 1st pf. εἴλκυκα (§ 180), pf. mid. εἴλκυσμαι (§§ 180; 189), 1st aor. pass. εἱλκύσθην (§§ 172, 2; 189), vbls. ἑλκτέος, ἑλκυστέος.

[root ἐλυθ-, ἐλθ-, § 20], only 2d aor. ἦλθον (impv. ἐλθέ, § 210, note), and 2d pf. ἐλήλυθα (§ 179). See ἔρχομαι.

ἐμῶ (-έω) vomit, fut. ἐμοῦμαι (§§ 507; 212, 1), 1st aor. ἥμεσα (§ 188).

ἐν–εδρεύω, waylay, lie in ambush, augment ἐν–ηδ– (§ 175, 1).

[root ἐνεκ-] ἤνεγκα, ἐνήνοχα, ἐνήνεγμαι, etc., cf. φέρω.

ἐνθυμοῦμαι (-έομαι) consider, augment ἐν–εθῡμ– (§ 175, 1).

(ἔν-νῡ-μi, § 196, 5, note) in prose regularly ἀμφιέννῡμι clothe, fut. ἀμφιῶ, 1st aor. ἠμφίεσα (§ 174, 1), pf. mid. ἠμφίεσμαι (§ 181).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἐνοχλῶ (-έω), harass, augment usually ἠν–ωχ– (§ 175, note).

ἔοικα am like, see [εἰκ-].

ἑορτάζω keep a festival, augment ἑωρ– (for ἡορ, § 17).

[root ἐπ- (for ϝεπ-, § 2 α)] say, only 2d aor. εἶπον (§ 208, 1), or (seldom in prose) εἶπα (§ 207, note 1), subj. εἴπω, opt. εἴποιμι, impv. εἰπέ (§ 210, note), infin. εἰπεῖν, partic. εἰπών.

ἐπίσταμαι (§ 193) know, understand (impf. ἠπιστάμην; for accent of pres. opt. see § 200, note), fut. ἐπιστήσομαι, aor. ἠπιστήθην (§ 158, 3).

ἐπιστατῶ (-έω) oversee, augment ἐπεστ– (§ 175, 1).

ἐπιτηδεύω practise, augment ἐπετη– (§ 175, 1).

ἐπιτροπεύω be a guardian, augment ἐπετροπ– (§ 175, 1).

ἔπ-ομαι (§ 193; theme ἐπ– for *σεπ-, § 36, and σπ-, § 14), follow (impt. εἰπόμην, § 172, 2 with irregular breathing), fut. ἕψομαι, 2d aor. ἑσπόμην (§ 208, with irregular breathing, subj. σπῶμαι, opt. σποίµην, etc.). ἐπριάμην bought, see [πρια-].

(ἔρα–μαι, § 193; deponent passive, § 158, 3), present in prose supplied by ἐρῶ(-άω) love, 1st aor. ἠράσθην, fell in love (5 529), fut. ἐρασθήσομαι shall fall in love (§ 519, note 2), vbl. ἐραστός.

ἐργάζομαι (§ 292, 6; theme ϝεργ-, § 2 a) work; augment εἷ– (§ 172, 2) rarely ᾖ-; reduplication always εἷ– (§ 180), 1st aor. εἰργασάμην, pf. εἴργασμαι (§ 180), 1st aor. pass. εἰργάσθην (§ 510), vbl. ἐργαστέος.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.)

ἕρπ-ω creep (impf. εἷρπον § 172, 2), fut. ἔρψω.

ἔρρ-ω (§ 193), go away, perish, fut. ἐρρήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ἤρρησα (§ 190), 1st pf. (εἰσ-)ήρρηκα (§ 190).

ἔρχομαι (§ 193) go, come, only in pres. and impf.; fut. supplied (§ 164) by pres. of εἷμι go (§ 261, 2), aor. supplied (§ 164) by 2d aor. ἤλθον, and pf. by 2d pf. ἐλήλυθα. See [ἐλυθ-].

[root ἐρ-] ask, see (εἴρομαι).

ἐσθίῳ (probably for *ἐδ-θι-ω, §§ 26; 191 a; 195) eat (impf. ἤσθιον), fut. ἔδομαι (§ 216), aor. supplied by 2d aor. ἔφαγον, 1st pf. ἑδήδοκα (§ 179), pf. mid. ἐδήδεσμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἠδέσθην, vbls. ἐδεστός, –τέος.

ἑστιῶ (-άω) entertain, augments to εἱ– (§ 172, 2).

(εὔδω, § 193) usually καθ–εύδω, sleep (impf. καθηῦδον and ἐκάθευδον, § 174, 1), fut. καθευδήσω (§ 190), vbl. καθευδητέον (§ 190).

εἱρίσκω (§ 197; εὑρ– εὑρε, § 190) find, fut. εὑρήσω (§ 190), 2d aor. ηὗρον (impv. εὑρέ, § 210, note), 1st pf. ηὕρηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. εὕρημαι (§ 190), 1st aor. pass. εὑρέθην (§ 188, 1), vbls. εὑρετός, –τέος (§ 188, 1).

εὐφραίνω (§ 195, 4; εὐφραν-) cheer, fut. εὐφρανῶ, 1st aor. ηὕφρᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), 1st aor. pass. ηὐφράνθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

εὔχ-ομαι (§ 193, εὖχ-) pray, boast, middle deponent (§ 158, 3), fut. εὔξομαι, 1st aor. ηὐξάμην, pf. ηὗγμαι.

(ἔχθω) hate (ἀπ-)εχθ–άνο–μαι (§ 196, 2) make oneself hated (middle depouent, § 138, 3), fut. (ἀπ-)εχθήσομαι (§ 190), 2d aor. (ἀπ-)ηχθόμην, pf. (ἀπ-)ήχθημαι (§ 190).

ἔχ-ω (§ 193, stem ἐχ-for *σεχ-, §§ 36; 40, σχ-, § 14, σχε-, § 38) have (impf. εἶχον, § 172, 2), fut. ἕξω or σχήσω (§ 519, note 2), 2d aor. ἔσχον (§ 208, subj. σχῶ, opt. σχοῖμι ov σχοίην, impv. σχές, § 170, note 1, infin. σχεῖν, partic. σχών), 1st pf. ἔσχηκα, pf. mid. ἔσχημαι, as aor. pass. ἐσχόμην is used (§ 515, 1), [1st aor. pass. ἐσχέθην, late], vbls. ἐκτός, σχετός, and ἑκτέος, σχετέος.

ἔψω (§ 193) cook, fut. ἁψήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ἥψησα (§ 100), vbl. ἑφθός (for *ἑψ–τος, § 35), ἑψητός (§ 190).

ἐῶ (-άω, § 193) let alone, allow, fut. ἑᾱ́σω (§ 187; for ἑᾱ́σομαι as pass. see §§ 515, 1; 519, note 2), 1st aor. εἰᾱσα, etc., regular, but angment and reduplication εἰ– (§§ 172, 2; 180).

ζεύγ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5; theme ζευγ-, ζυγ-, § 14, 2), yoke, join, fut. ζεύξω, 1st aor. ἔζευξα, pf. mid. ἔζευγμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐζύγην (§ 232, 2).

ζἐω (§ 199, 2) boil, fut. ζέσω (§ 188), 1st aor. ἔζεσα (§ 188).

ζῶ (ζῇς, ζῇ, etc., § 199, 3) live, fut. ζήσω (and ζήσομαι, § 507). Other forms supplied (§ 164) by βιῶ live.

ζών-νῡ-μι (§ 196, note) gird, 1st aor. ἔζωσα, pf. mid. ἔζωμαι.

ἠβῶ (-άω) be vigorous, also ἠβᾱ́-σκω (§ 197) to come to man’s estate, fut. ἠβήσω, etc. regular.

–ἤδ-ομαι (§ 193) be pleased, 1st aor. ἤσθην (§ 158, 3), fut. ἠσθήσομαι (§ 158, 3).

ἦλθον came, see [ἐλυθ-].

ἦμαι sit, see § 265.

ἡμί say, see § 266.

ἤνεγκον bore, cf. [ἐνεκ-] and φέρω.

ἡττῶμαι (-άομαι) be vanquished, regular passive deponent (158, 3); fut. both ἠττήσομαι and ἠττηθήσομαι (§ 519, note 2).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

θάπ-πω (§ 194; theme θαφ-, § 41) bury, fut. θάψω, 1st aor. ἔθαψα, pf. mid. τέθαµμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐτάφην; vbl. θαπτέος.

θαυμάζω (§ 202, 6) admire, fut. θανμάσοµαι (§ 507), otherwise regular.

θέλῳ wish, see ἐθέλω.

θερμαίνω (§ 195, 4) warm, regular, but 1st aor. ἐθέρμηνα (§ 204, note 2).

θέω (§ 193, note) run, fut. θεύσομαι (§ 507), other forms supplied by other verbs (§ 164).

θλίβ–ω (§ 193, 1) press, fut. θλίψω, 1st aor. ἔθλιψα, 2d perf. τέθλιφα. (§ 219, 1), (pf. mid. τέθλτμμαι), 1st aor. pass. ἐθλίφθην.

(ἀπο-)θνῄσκω (§ 197, suffix –ισκ– contrary to § 197; theme θαν-, θνη-, § 38, 1) die, fut. (ἀπο-)θανοῦμαι, 2d aor. (ἀπ-)έθανον, 1st pf. τόθνηκα, but often 2d pf. τέ-θνα–τον, etc., see § 220 (2d pf. partic.

τεθνεώς is for τε-θνη–ώς, cf. § 17), fut. pf. τεθνήξω (§ 230). In prose regularly ἀποθνῄσκω, but pf. τέθνηκα.

θράττω (§195, 1; θραχ-), disturb, 1st aor. ἔθραξα, 1st aor. pass. ἐθράχθην; see ταράττω.

θραύ-ω (§ 193) bruise, fut. θραύσω, 1st aor. ἔθρανσα, pf. mid. τέθρανµαι and τέθρανσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐθραύσθην (§ 189).

θρέξοµαι, see τρέχω.

θρύπ-τω (§ 194; theme θρυφ-, § 41) crush or weaken, fut. mid. θρύψομαι. (1st aor. ἔθρυψα), pf. mid. τέθρυµµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐθρύφθην.

θρῴσκω (§ 197, suffix –σκ– contrary to § 197; theme θορ-, θρω-, § 38, 1) leap, fut. θοροῦμαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔθορον.

[Attic principal parts in full faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the ‘bottom of the page.]

θύω (§ 193, 1) sacrifice, fut. θύσω, 1st aor. ἔθῡσα, 1st pf. τέθυκα, pf. mid. τέθυμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐτύθην (§ 40).

[root ἰδ– for *ϝιδ, § 2 a) see, 2d aor. εἶδον saw (for *έϝιδον, § 172, 2; impv. ἰδέ, § 210, note), 2d pf. οἶδα know (οιδ-, εἰδ-, ἰδ-; for the inflection see § 259), fut. εἴσομαι, vbl. ἰστέος.

ἱδρῶ(-όω) sweat, sometimes contracts to ω instead of ου (as partic. dat. sing. ἱδρῶντι), fut. ἱδρώσω, etc., regular.

ἴε-μαι (§ 193, theme *ϝῑε-, cf. Latin in-vi-tus) strive, desire, usually in composition as παρ-ῑ́εµαι beg. Its forms cannot be distinguished from those of ἵημι.

ἴζω (for *σι-σδω, § 193, 3) usually καθ–ίζω, seat or sit (impf. ἐκάθιξον, § 174, 1), fut. καθιῶ (§ 215), 1st aor. καθῖσα and ἐκάθισα (§ 174, 1).

ἵημι (for *σι–ση–μι, § 193, 3) send; for the inflection see § 260, fut. ἤσω, aor. ἦκα (see § 211, 3), 1st pf. εἶκα (§ 180), pf. mid. εἶμαι (§ 180), 1st aor. pass. εἴθην (§ 172, 2).

(ἀφ-)ἱκνοῦμαι (-έομαι) (§ 196, 4; ἱκ-) come (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. (ἀφ-)ἴξομαι, 2d aor. (ἀφ-)ῑ́κόμην, pf. (ἀφ-)ἶγμαι.

ῑ́λά-σκοµαι (§ 197) propitiate (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. ῑ́λάσοµαι, 1st aor. ῑ́λασάμην, 1st aor. pass. ῑ́λάσθην (§ 510).

ἴλλω (§ 195,3) roll, 1st aor. ἴλα (sometimes printed εἴλλω and εἶλα).

ἵστημι (§ 193, 3; for *σι-στη-μι, § 36) set, place (for the inflection see § 253), fut. στήσα, 1st aor. ἕστησα caused to stand (§ 207, note 3), 2d aor. ἔστην stood (§ 207, note 3; inflection § 257), 1st pf. ἕστηκα (for *σε–στη–κα, § 36; plupf. εἰστήκη for *ἐ-σε-στηκη), with 2d pf. ἕστατον, etc. (§ 258), 1st aor. pass. ἐστάθην, vbls. στατός, στατέος.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ἰσχναίνω (§ 195, 4) make lean or dry, fut. ἰσχανῶ, 1st aor. ἴσχνᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), 1st aor. pass. ἰσχνάνθην.

ἴσχω (§ 193, 3, for *σι-σχ–ω, §§ 36, 40) have, hold, cf. ἔχω.

καθαίρω (§ 195, 4; καθαρ-) purify, fut. καθαρῶ, 1st aor. ἐκάθηρα and ἐκάθᾱρα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. κεκάθαρµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκαθάρθην.

καθ-ἐξομαι, sit down, see ἕχομαι; for imp. ἐκαθεζόμην see § 174, 1.

καθ-εύδω sleep, see εὔδω.

καθ-ίζω set, sit, see ἴξω.

καίνω (§ 195, 4; theme καυ-, καν-, § 14, 1) kill, fut. κανῶ, 2d aor. ἔκανον, 2d pf. κέκονα (§ 219, 3).

καίω (for καϝ–ιω, § 195, 4; theme καυ– or καϝ-, § 2 a), also κᾱ́ω (§ 21) burn, fut. καύσω, 1st aor. ἕκανσα, st pi. κέκαυκα, pf. mid. κέκαυµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκαύθην.

καλινδοῦμαι (-έομαι) wander about, cf. κνλίνδω.

καλύπ-τω (§ 194; καλυβ-) corer, fut. καλύψω, 1st aor. ἐκάλυψα, Pf. mid. κεκάλυµμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκαλύφθην.

καλῶ(-έω) call, fut. καλῶ (§ 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐκάλεσα (§ 188), 1st pf. κέκληκα (§ 218, 3), pf. mid. κέκληµαι (§ 224, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐκλήθην (§ 38, 1), vbls. κλητός, κλητέος.

κάµ-νω (§ 196, 1; καμ-) labor, fut. καμοῦμαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔκαμον, 1^st PE. κέκμηκα (§ 218, 3).

κάµπ–τω (§ 194; καμπ-) bend, fut. κάµψω, 1st aor. ἔκαμψα, pf. mid. κέκαμμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐκάμφθην, vbl. καµπ–τός.

κατηγορῶ (-έω) accuse, for the augment κατη– see § 175, 1.

κεῖ–μαι (§ 198) lie (for the inflection see § 264), fut. κείσοµαι.

Κείρω (§ 195, 4; theme κερ-, καρ-) shear, fut. κερῶ, 1st aor. ἔκειρα, pf. mid. κέκαρµαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. ἐκάρην (§ 232, 2).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

κελεύ-ω (§ 193) command, fut. κελεύσω, 1st aor. ἐκέλευσα, 1st pf. κεκέλευκα, pf. mid. κεκέλευσµαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐκελεύσθην (§ 189).

κεράν-νῡ-μι and κεραν–νύ–ω (§ 106, note; theme κέρα-, possibly for *κερασ-) mix, 1st aor. ἐκέρασα, pf. mid. κέκρᾱμαι (§ 38, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐκεράσθην, and ἐκράθην (§ 38, 1).

κερδαίνω (§ 195, 4) gain, fut. κερδανῶ, 1st aor. ἐκέρδᾱνα (§ 204, note 2).

κηρῡ́ττω (§ 195, 1; κηρῦκ-) proclaim, fut. κηρύξω, st aor. ἐκήρυξα, 2d pf. κεκήρυχα, pf. mid. κεκήρυγµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκηρύχθην.

κί-χρη-μι (§ 193, 3 χρα-, χρη- § 13) lend (mid. borrow, § 506), fut. χρήσω, 1st aor. ἔχρησα, 1st pf. κέχρηκα, pf. mid. κέχρηµαι.

κλάζω (§ 195, note 1; κλαγγ-) also κλαγγ-άνω (§ 196, 2), resound, scream, fut. κλάγξω, 1st aor. ἔκλαγξα, 2d pf. κέκλαγγα.

κλαίῳ (for *κλαϝ–ιω, § 195, 4; theme κλαυ– or κλαϝ-, § 2 a), also κλᾱ́ω (§ 21) weep, fut. κλαύσομαι (§ 507) rarely κλαυσοῦμαι (§ 214) or κλαήσω (§ 190); 1st aor. ἔκλαυσα, pf. mid. κέκλαυµαι.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

κλέπ–τω (§ 194 κλοπ-, κλεπ-, κλαπ-, § 14, 1) steal, fut. κλέψω, 1st aor. ἔκλεψα, 2d ph. κέκλοφα (§ 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. κέκλεμμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐκλάπην (§ 232, 2).

κλῄ-ω, later κλείω (§ 193) shut, fut. κλῄσω, 1st aor. ἔκλῄσα, 1st pf. κέκλῄκα, DE mid. κέκλῄµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκλῄσθην (§ 189).

κλῑ́νω (for *κλιν-ιω, § 195, 4) bend, incline, fut. κλινῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἔκλῑνα (§ 204), pf. mid. κέκλιµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκλίθην, and sometimes 2d aor. pass. ἐκλίνην.

κλῶ (-άω) break, (fut. κλάσω), 1st aor. ἔκλασα, pf. mid. κέκλασµαι (§189), 1st aor. pass. ἐκλάσθην (§ 189).

κναίω (§ 193) scrape, fut. κναίσω, 1st aor. ἔκναισα, 1st pf. κέκναικα, pf. mid. –κέκναισμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. –ἐκναίσθην (§ 189).

κνῶ (κνῇς, κνῇ, etc., § 199, 3) = κναίω scrape, 1st aor. ἔκνησα, pf. mid. κέκνησμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐκνήσθην (§ 189).

κομίζω (§ 195, 2; κομιδ-) care for, carry, fut. κομιῶ (§ 215), 1st aor. ἐκόμισα, 1st pf. κεκόμικα, ph. mid. κεκόμισμαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. ἑκομίσθην (§ 189, note).

κόπ-τω (§ 194; κοπ-) cut, fut. κόψω (but fut. pf. κεκόψομαι is often used instead, § 538, note), 1st aor. ἔκοψα, 2d pf. κέκοφα (§ 219, 1), pf. mid. κέκομμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐκόπην.

κρᾱ́ζω (§ 195, 2; κραγ-, κρᾱγ– § 13) cry out, 2d aor. ἔκραγον, 2d pf. κέκρᾱγα, fut. pf. κεκρᾱ́ξομαι (§ 538, note).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page]

κρέμα-μαι (§ 193) hang (used as a passive of κρεμάννῡμι), fut. κρεµήσοµαι. (For accent of pres. opt. see § 200, note.)

κρεμάν-νῡ-μι (§ 196, note) suspend, fut. κρεμῶ (§ 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐκρέμασα, 1st aor. pass. ἐκρεμάσθην (§ 189), vbl. κρεµαστός (§ 189).

κρῑ́νω (for *κριν–ιω, § 195, 4) judge, fut. κρινῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἔκρῖνα (§ 204), 1st pf. κέκρικα (§ 218, 1), pf. mid. κέκρυμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκρίθην.

κρού-ω (§ 193) beat, regular, but 1st aor. pass. ἐκρούσθην (§ 189).

κρύπ-τω (§ 194: κρυφ-) conceal, fut. κρύψω, 1st aor. ἔκρυψα, pf. mid. κέκρυμμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐκρύφθην, vbIs. κρυπτός, κρυπτέος.

(ἀπο-)κτενῶ (for *κτεν-ιω, § 195, 4; theme κτον-, κτεν-, κταν– (§ 14, 1) kill, fut. (ἀπο)κτενῶ, 1st aor. (ἀπ-)έκτεινα, 2d pf. (ἀπ-)ἔκτονα (§ 219, 3). For the passive, (ἀπο-)θνῄσκω is regularly used (§ 513).

(ἀπο) κτείνῡμι and (ἀπο-)κτεινύω = (ἀπο-)κτείνω kill. (These are sometimes printed κτείννῡμι, -ύω, or κτίννῡμι, -ύω.)

κτῶμαι (-άοµαι) acquire, fut. κτήσοµαι, 1st aor. ἐκτησάμην (§ 158, 3), pf. κέκτημαι (reduplication contrary to § 178, 1) possess (§ 535) (fut. pf. κεκτήσομαι shall possess, § 538, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐκτήθην (§ 510).

κυλίνδω (§ 193) roll (cf. καλινδοῦμαι), 1st aor. ἐκύλῑσα (§ 34), pf. mid. κεκύλισμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐκυλῑ́σθην (§ 150). From ἐκύλῑσα a present κυλῑ́ω was later formed.

κύπ-τω (§ 194; κῡφ-) stoop, fut. κύψω, 1st aor. ἔκῡψα, 2d pf. κέκῡφα.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

λαγχάνω (§ 196, 2; theme λαχ-, ληχ-, § 13) obtain by lot, fut. λήξομαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔλαχον (§ 186, 1), 2d pf. εἴληχα (§ 178, 2), pf. mid. εἴληγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐλήχθην, vbl. ληκτέος.

λαμβάνω (§ 196, 2; theme λαβ-, ληβ-, § 13) take, fut. λήψομαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔλαβον (§ 186, 1; impv. λαβέ, § 210, note), 2d pf. εἴληφα (§ 178, 2), pf. mid. εἴλημμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐλήφθην, vbls. ληπτός, –τέος.

λάμπ-ω (§ 193) shine, fut. λάμψω, 1st aor. ἔλαμψα, 2d pf. λέλαμπα.

λανθάνω (§ 196, 2; theme λαθ-, ληθ-, § 13) lie hid, escape notice (mid. forget, usually ἐπι-λανθάνομαι), fut. λήσω, 2d aor. ἔλαθον (§ 186, 1), 2d pf. λέληθα, pf. mid. λέλησμαι (§ 189).

λέγ-ω (§ 193, 2) say, fut. λέξω, 1st aor. ἔλεξα, pf. act. supplied (§ 164) by εἴρηκα, pf. mid. λέλεγμαι (but διαλέγοµαι, converse, has διείλεγμαι, cf. § 178, 2), 1st aor. pass. ἐλέχθην.

λέγ-ω (§ 193, 2) select, count, gather, fut. λέξω, 1st aor. ἔλεξα, 2d pf. εἴλοχα (§§ 178, 2; 219, 3), pf. mid. εἴλεγμαι and sometimes λέλεγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐλέχθην and rarely 2d aor. pass. ἐλέγην.

λείπ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme λοιπ-, λειπ-, λιπ-, § 14, 2) leave, fut. λείψω, 2d aor. ἔλιπον (§ 208), 2d pf. λέλοιπα (§ 219, 3), pf. mid. λέλειμμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐλείφθην.

λεύ-ω (§ 193) stone, fut. λεύσω, etc., regular, but 1st aor. pass. ἐλεύσθην (§ 189).

[Attic principal parts in full faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

λῄζω (§ 202, 6) plunder (fut. λῄσομαι), 1st aor. mid. ἐλῃσάμην, pf. mid. λέλῃσμαι (§ 189). (The active is rare).

λιμπάνω (§ 196, 2; λιπ-) = λείπω leave.

λού-ω (§ 193) wash, often drops υ (§ 21) before a short vowel and is then contracted like δηλῶ (§ 250): as λοῦμεν (for λο(ύ)λομεν), λοῦσθαι (for λο(ύ)εσθαι); otherwise the verb is regular; fut. λούσω, 1st aor. ἔλουσα, etc.

λῡ́-ω (§ 104 theme λῡ-, λυ-, § 13), fut. λῡ́σω, 1st aor. ἔλῡσα, 1st pf. λέλυκα, pf. mid. λέλυμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐλύθην.

μαΐνω (§ 195, 4; theme μαν-, µην-, § 13), madden (mid. be mad, fut. mid. μανοῦμαι), 1st aor. ἔμηνα, 2d pf. μέμηνα am mad (§ 494, 3), 24 aor. pass. ἐμάνην (see § 514).

μανθάνω (§ 100, 2; μαθ-) learn, fut. μαθήσομαι (§§ 100; 507), 2d aor. ἔμαθον, 1st pf. µεµάθηκα (§ 190).

μάττω (§ 105, note 2, theme μαγ-) knead, fut. μάξω, etc., regular, but 2 pf. μέ-μαχ-α (§ 219, 1) and 2d aor. pass. ἐμάγην.

μάχ-ομαι (§ 193) fight (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. μαχοῦμαι (for μαχέσομαι, §§ 190, 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐμαχεσάμην (§ 190), pf. µεμάχημαι (§ 188, 1).

μεθύσκω (§ 197) make drunk, 1st aor. ἐμέθνσα, 1st aor. pass. ἐμεθύ–σθην became drunk.

[Attic principal parts in full faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the ‘bottom of the page.]

μεθύ-ω (§ 193) be drunk, only pres. and impf. Other tenses supplied from μεθύσκω.

μείγ–νῡ–µι (§ 196, 5; theme μειγ-, μιγ-, § 14, 2) mix, fut. μείξω, 1st aor. ἔμειξα, pf. mid. μέμειγ–μαι,. 1st aor. pass. ἐμείχθην, 2d aor. pass. ἐμίγην (§ 232, 2), vbls. μεικτός, μεικτέος. (Sometimes wrongly written μῑ́γνῡμι).

μείρομαι (§ 195, 4; theme μορ-, μερ-, µαρ-, § 14, 1, probably for σμορ-, etc.) obtain part in, pf. mid. 3d sing. εἵμαρται (for *σε–σμαρ–ται, § 224, note, = *έσμαρται, § 36, = εἵμαρται, § 16) it is fated.

μέλλ-ω intend, fut. μελλήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ἐμλλησα (§ 190), seldom augments to ἠ– .

μέλ-ω (§ 193) concern, care for, 3d sing. impersonal μέλει it is a care, fut. μελήσω (§ 190), 150 aor. ἐμέλησα (§ 190), 1st pf. μεμέληκα (§ 190), pf. mid. μεμέλημαι (§ 190), 1st aor. pass. ἐμελήθην (§ 190), vbl. μελητέος (§ 190). Also ἐπι-μέλομαι and ἐπι-μελοῦμαι (passive deponents, § 138, 8) care for.

μέν-ω (§ 193) remain, fut. μενῶ, 1st aor. ἔμεινα, 1st pl. μεμένηκα (§ 190).

μιαίνω (for *μιαν–ιω, § 195, 4; theme μιαν-) stain, fut. μιανῶ, 1st aor. ἐμίᾶνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. μεμίασμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐμιάνθην.

μιμνῄσκω (§ 197, suffix –ισκ– contrary to § 197) remind (mid. remember), fut. μνήσω, 1st aor. ἔμνησα, pf. mid. μέμνημαι remember (§ 535; for the subj. and opt. see § 227, note) (fut. pf. μεμνήσομαι shall remember, § 538, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐμνήσθην (§ 189) mentioned (§ 158, 3).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

μύζω (§ 195, 2; μυγ-) grumble, mutter, 1st aor. ἔμνξα.

μῡκῶμαι (-άομαι) bellow, 1st aor. iwvnaduny (§ 158, 3).

μῡ́ω shut the lips or eyes, 1st aor. ἔμυσα, 1st pf. μέμῡκα.

νέμ-ω (§ 193, 2) distribute, fut. νεμᾶ, 1st aor. ἕνειμα, 1st pf. νενέμηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. νενέμημαι (§ 190), 150 aor. pass. ἐνεμήθην (§ 190).

νέω (§ 193 note; theme νευ-, § 21), swim, fut. νεύσομαι (§ 507) or νευσοῦμαι (§ 214), 1st aor. ἔνευσα, 1st pf. νένευκα, vbl. νευστέος (§ 189).

νέω (§§ 193; 199, 2) heap up, 1st aor. ἔνησα, pf. mid. νένημαι.

νίζω (for *νιγ-ιω, § 195, 2) wash; other tenses from a stem νιβ– (which give a later pres. νίπ–τω, § 194), fut. νίψω, 1st aor. ἔνιψα, pf. mid. νένιμμαι (§§ 27, 1; 247), vbl. νιπτός.

νομίζω (§ 292, 6), think, fut. νομιῶ (§ 215), 1st aor. ἑνόμισα, 1st pf. νενόμικα, pf. mid. νενόμισμαι (§ 150), 1st aor. pass. ἐνομίσθην (§ 189), vbL. νοµιστέος.

νῶ (νῇς, νῇ, etc., § 199, 3) spin, fut. νήσω, 1st aor. ἔνησα, 1st aor. pass. ἐνήθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ξέω (usually contracted to ξῶ, etc., § 199, 2, note ; theme ξε– for *ξεσ-) scrape (1st aor. ἔξεσα, § 188), pf. mid. ἴξεσμαι (§ 189), vbl. ξεστός.

ξηραίνω (§ 292, 8; cf. ξηρός dry) dry, fut. ξηρανῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἑξήρᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. ἐξήρασμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐξηράνθην.

ξῡ́-ω (§ 193) polish, 1st aor. ἐξῡσα, 1st. aor. pass. ἐξύσθην (§ 189).

ὅζω (§ 195, 2; ὀδ-) smell, fut. ὀζήσω as if from *ὀζέω, 1st aor. ὤζησα.

οἴγ-ω (§ 193), οἴγ–νῡ–μι (§ 196, 5), usually ἀν–οίγω, ἀν–οίγνῡμι open, fut. ἀν–οίξω, 1st aor. ἀν–έῳξα (§ 172, note 1), 2d pf. ἀν–έῳγα (ἀνέῳχα), pi. mid. ἀν–έῳγμαι (§ 180), 1st aor. pass. ἀνεῴχθην (§ 172, note 1).

οἶδα (2d pf.) know (§ 259). See [ἰδ-].

οἰδῶ (-έω) swell, 1st aor. ῴδησα, 1st pf. ᾤδηκα.

οἰκτῑ́ρω (§ 195, 4; οἰκτιρ-) pity, 1st aor. ᾤκτῑρα (§ 204).

οἴομαι (§ 193), 1st per. often οἶμαι, impf. ᾤμην (probably pf. and plupt.), think, fut. οἰήσομαι (§ 190), 1st aor. pass. ᾤήθην (§ 158, 3).

οἴσω shall bear. Cf. φέρω.

οἴχ-ομαι (§ 193) be gone, fut. οἰχήσομαι (§ 190), 2d pf. οἴχωκα (§§ 179; 40).

ὀκέλλω (§ 195, 3; ὀκελ-) run ashore, 1st aor. ὤκειλα (§ 204).

ὀλισθ-άν-ω (§ 196, 2; ὀλισθ-) slip, 2d aor. ὤλισθον.

(ἀπ)ὄλλῡμι, (for *ὀλ–νῡ–μι, § 196, 5; theme ὁλ– and ὀλε-) also ἀπ–ολλύω destroy, lose (mid. perish), fut. (ἀπ-)ὁλῶ (§ 212, 1, for ὁλέσω, § 188), 1st aor. (ἀπ-)ὤλεσα (§ 188), 2d aor. (ἀπ-)ὠλόμην perished, 1st pf. (ἀπ-)ὀλώλεκα, 2d pf. (ἀπ-) ὅλωλα be lost, perish (§ 401, 2).

ὀλοφύρομαι (§ 195, 4) bewail, fut. ὁλοφυροῡμαι, 1st aor. ὠλοφῡράμην (§ 158, 3), 1st aor. pass. partic. ὁλοφῡρθείς made fo lament (§ 510).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the a bottom of the page.]

ὄμ-νῡ-μι and ὀμ-νύ-ω (§ 196, 5; theme ὀμ– and ὀμο-) swear, fut. ὁμοῦμαι (§ 507, for ὀμόσομαι, §§ 212, 1; 188), 1st aor. ὤμοσα (§ 188), 1st PL. ὁμάμοκα (§§ 170; 188); pf. mid. ὁμώμο(σγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ὠμό(σ)θην.

ὀμόργ–νῡ–μι (§ 196, 5) wipe, fut. ὀμόρξομαι, 1st aor. ὤμορξα, 1st aor. pass. (ἀπ-)ώμόρχθην.

ὀ-νί-νη-μι (§ 193, 3; reduplicated without regard to the o; theme ὀνη-, ὀνα-, § 13) benefit, fut. ὀνήσω, 1st aor. ὤνησα, 2d aor. mid. ὠνήμην derived benefit (opt. ὀναίμην, § 211, note, infin. ὄνασθαι), 1st aor. pass. ὠνήθην.

ὀξῡ́νω (§ 195, 4) sharpen, usually in the compound παρ–οξύνω provoke, irritate, fut. (παρ-)οξυνῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. (παρ-)ώξῡνα (§ 204), pi. mid. (παρ-)ώξυμμαι (§ 33), 1st aor. pass. (παρ-)ωβύνθην.

[root ὀπ-] see, fut. ὄψομαι (§ 507), pf. mid. ὤμμαι, 1st aor. pass. ὤφθην, cf. ὀρῶ.

ὀργίζω (§ 296, 6, f. ὀργή anger) enrage, regular, with fut. mid. ὀργιοῦμαι (§ 215), fut. pass. ὀργισθήσομαι (cf. § 519, note 2).

ὀρέγ-ω (§ 193) reach, fut. ὀρέξω, 1st aor. ὤρεξα, 1st aor. pass. ὠρέχθην.

ὀρύττω (§ 195, 1; theme ὀρυχ-) dig, fut. ὀρύξω, 1st aor. ὤρνξα, 2d pf.

ὀρ-ώρυχ-α (§ 179), pf. mid. ὀρώρυγμαι, 1st nor. pass. ὠρύχθην.

ὁρῶ(-άω) (§ 164) see (impf. ἑώρων, § 172, note 1), fut. supplied by ὄψομαι [όπ-], aor. supplied by 2d aor. εἶδον [ῖδ-], 1st pf. ἑόρᾱκα (plupf. ἑωρᾱ́κη, for ἡορ-, § 17), pf. mid. ἑώρᾱμαι, or supplied by ὤμμαι [ὀπ-], 1st aor. pass. (supplied) ὤφθην [ὀπ-], vbl. ὁρατός or (supplied) ὁπτέος.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

ὀσφραίνομαι (§ 292, 8; ὀσφρ-) smell, fut. ὀσφρῆσομαι (§ 190), 2d aor. mid. ὠσφρόμην, 1st aor. pass. ὠσφράνθην.

Οὐρῶ (-έω, § 292, 2) mingo, fut. οὐρήσομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἐούρησα (§ 172, 2), 1st pf. ἐούρηκα (§ 180).

ὀφείλω (5 195, 4; ὀφελ-) owe, fut. ὀφειλήσω (§ 190), 1st aor. ώφείλησα, (§ 190), 2d aor. ὤφελον (see § 588), 1st pf. ὠφείληκα (§ 190), 1st aor. pass. partic. ὀφειληθείς (§ 190).

ὀφλισκ–άν–ω (§§ 197; 196, 2; ὀφλ-) be guilty, incur, fut. ὀφλήσω (§ 190), 2d aor. ὦφλον (1st aor. ὤφλησα is doubtful), 1st pf. ὤφληκα.

παίζω (§ 195, 2; παιδ-) sport (fut. παίσοµαι, § 507), 1st aor. ἔπαισα, 1st pf. πέπαικα, pf. mid. πέπαισμαι (§ 189).

παλαίω (§ 193) wrestle, regular, but 1st aor. pass. ἐπαλαίσθην (§ 189).

παρα–νομῶ(-έω) transgress law, augments to παρ–εν– (§ 175, 1).

παροινῶ(-έω) commonly has double augment and reduplication (§§ 175, note; 181); as 1st aor. ἐ–παρ–ῴνησα, 1st pf. πε–παρ–ῴνηκα.

πάσχω (§ 197; for *παθ–σκω, § 30; the θ leaves its aspiration with the κ; theme πονθ-, πενθ-, παθ-, § 14, 1) experience, suffer, fut. πείσοµαι (for *πενθ–σομαι, § 34), 2 aor. ἔπαθον, 2 perf. πέπονθα (§ 219, 3).

παύ-ω (§ 193) stop, cause to cease, regular, but vbl. πανστέος (§ 189).

πείθ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme ποιθ-, πειθ., πιθ-, § 14, 9) persuade, fut. πείσω, 1st aor. ἔπεισα, 1st pf. πέπεικα (§ 494, 2), 2d pf. πέποιθα, trust (§ 494, 2), pf. mid. πέπεισµαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐπείσθην (§ 189, note), vbls. πισ–τός, πεισ–τέος.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

πεινῶ (-ῇς, -ῇ, etc., § 199, 3) hunger, fut. πεινήσω, etc., regular.

πέµπ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme ποµπ-, πεµπ-, § 14), send, fut. πέμψω, 1st aor. ἔπεμψα, 2d pi. πέποµφα (§ 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. πέπεµµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐπέμφθην, vbls. πεµπτός, πεµπτέος.

πεπαίνω (§ 292, 8) make soft, 1st aor. ἐπέπᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), 1st aor. pass. ἐπεπάνθην.

πέπρωται il is fated, see [πορ-].

περαίνω (§ 292, 8, cf. πέρας end) accomplish, fut. περανῶ, 1st aor. ἐπέρᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. πεπέρασμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐπεράνθην, vbls. περαντός, περαντέος.

πέρδ-οµαι (§ 193; πορδ-, περδ-, παρδ-, § 14, 1) pedo, fut. παρδήσομαι (§§ 190; 507), 2d aor. ἔπαρδον (§ 208), 2d pf. πέπορδα (§ 219, 3).

πετάν–νῡ–µι (§ 196, 5, for *πετασ–νῡµι), usually ἀνα–πετάννῡμι expand, fut. πετῶ (cf. § 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐπέτασα, pf. mid. πέπταµαι (reduplication contrary to § 178, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐπετάσθην (§ 189, note).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

πέτ-οµαι (§ 193, 2; theme πετ-, πτ-, § 14) fly, fut. πτήσομαι (§ 38), 2d aor. ἑπτόμην (§ 208).

πέττω (§ 195, 1; πεπ-) cook, fut. πέψω, 1st aor. ἔπεψα, pf. mid. πέπεμμαν (§§ 27, 1; 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐπέφθην, vbl. πεπτός.

πήγ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5; theme πηγ-, παγ-, § 13), fix, fut. πήξω, 1st aor. ἔπηξα, 2d pf. πέπηγα be fixed (§ 494, 3), 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (cf. § 514) ἐπάγην (§ 232, 1).

πιαίνω (§ 202, 8) fatten, fut. πιανῶ, st aor. ἐπίᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. πεπίασμαι (§ 247).

(ἐμ-)πί-μ-πλη-μι (§ 193, 3; for *πί-πλη-μι with sympathetic µ; theme πλη-, πλα-, § 13) fill, fut. (ἐμ-)πλήσω, 1st aor. (ἐν-)ἔπλησα, 1st pf. (ἐμ-)πέπληκα, pf. mid. (ἐμ-)πέπλησμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. (ἐν-)ἐπλήσθην (§ 180), vbl. (ἐμ-)πληστέος (§ 189).

(ἐμ-)πίμπρημι (§ 193, 3; for *πι–πρη–μι with sympathetic µ theme πρη-, πρα-, § 13) burn, fut. (ἐμ-)πρήσω, 1st aor. (ἐν-)ἔπρησα, pf. mid. (ἐμ-)πέπρημαι, 1st aor. pass. (ἐν-)ἐπρήσθην (§ 189).

πῑ́-ν-ω (§ 196, 1; theme πι– also related theme πο-, πω-, § 13) drink, fut. πίοµαι (§ 216), 2d aor. ἔπιον, 1st pf. πέπωκα, pf. mid. πέποµαι (§ 188, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐπόθην (§ 188, 1), vbls. πο-τός, ποτέος (§ 188,1).

πι-πρᾱ́-σκω (§ 197, 1; πρᾱ-) sell, 1st pf. πέπρᾱκα, pf. mid. πέπρᾱμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐπρᾱ́θην, other forms supplied by other verbs (§ 164).

πῑ́-πτ-ω (§ 193, 3; theme (ποτ-), πετ-, πτ-, § 14, and πτω– (πτη-), § 38,1) fall, fut. πεσοῦμαι (for *πετεομαι), 2d aor. ἔπεσον (for *ἐπεσον), 1st pf. πέ-πτω-κα (reduplication contrary to § 178, 1).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page].

Πλάττω (§ 195, 1; πλατ-) mold, form (fut. πλάσω), 1st aor. ἔπλασα, pf. mid. πέπλασμαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐπλάσθην (5 189, note), vbl. πλαστός (§ 189, note).

πλέκ-ω (§ 193; theme πλοκ-, πλεκ-, πλακ– § 14, 1) plait, knit (fut. πλέξω), 1st aor. ἔπλεξα, 2d pf. πέπλοχα (§ 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. πέπλεγµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐπλέχθην, 2d aor. pass. ἐπλάκην (§ 232, 2).

πλέω (§§ 193, note; 199, 2; πλευ-; πλυ-; §§ 14, 2; 21) sail, fut. πλεύσομαι or πλευσοῦμαι (§ 214), 1st aor. ἔπλευσα, 1st pf. πέπλευκα, pf. mid. πέπλευσµαι (§ 189) (1st aor. pass. ἔπλεύσθην, § 189, late), vbl. πλευστέος (§ 189).

πλήττω (§ 195, note 2; theme πληγ-, πλαγ-, § 13) strike, fut. πλήξω, 1st aor. ἔπληξα, 2d pf. πέπληγα, pf. mid. πέπληγµαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐπλήγην (contrary to § 232, 1), but in composition regularly –επλάγην (§ 232, 1).

πλῡ́νω (§ 195, 4) wash, fut. πλυνῶ, 1st aor. ἔπλῡνα (§ 204), pf. mid. πέπλυµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐπλύθην.

πνέω (§§ 193, note; 199, 2; πνευ-, πνυ-, §§ 14, 2; 21) breathe, blow, fut. πνεύσομαι and πνευσοῦμαι (§ 214), 1st aor. ἔπνευσα, 1st pf. πέπνευκα.

πνῑ́γ-ω (§ 193; πνῑγ-, πνιγ-, § 18) choke, fut. πνίξω, 1st aor. ἔπνιξα, pf. mid. πέπνῑγμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐπνίγην (§ 232, 1).

ποθῶ(-έω) desire, has forms both with ε and η (cf. § 188), as fut. ποθήσω or ποθέσοµαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἐπόθησα or ἐπόθεσα.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

πρᾱ́ττω (§ 195, note 2; πρᾱγ-) do, fut. πρᾱ́ξω, 1st aor. ἔπρᾱξα, 2d pf. πέπρᾱγα, rarely πέπρᾱχα (§ 219, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐπρᾱ́χθην, vhl. πρᾱκ–τέος (§ 25).

[root πρια– (cf. πέρνημι)] buy, only 2d aor. ἐπριάμην (see § 257 and § 211, note).

πρῑ́ω (§ 193) saw, 1st aor. ἔπρῑσα, pf. mid. πέπρῑσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐπρῑ́σθην (§ 189).

πτάρ-νυ-μαι (§ 196, 5) sneeze, 2d aor. ἕπταρον.

πτήσσω (§ 105, 1; theme πτηκ-, πτακ– § 13) cower, 1st aor. ἕπτηξα, 2d pf. ἕπτηχα (§ 219, 1).

πτύσσω (§ 195, 1; πτυχ-) fold, fut. πτύξω, 1st aor. ἕπτυξα, pf. mid. ἔπτυγμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐπτύχθην.

πυνθάνοµαι (§ 196, 2; theme πευθ, πυθ-, § 14, 2) learn, inquire, fut. πεύσομαι (for *πευθ–σομαι, § 30), 2d aor. ἐπυθόμην (§ 158, 3), pf. πέπυσμαι (§ 189, note), vbl. πενστέος.

ῥάπ-τω (§ 194; ῥαφ-) stitch, fut. ῥάψω, 1st aor. ἔρραψα, pf. mid. ἔρραμμαι (§ 97, 1), 2d aor. pass. ἐρράφην, vbl. ῥαπτός.

ῥάττω = ἀράττω q.v., fut. ῥάξῳ, 1st nor. ἔρραξα, 1st aor. pass. ἐρράχθην.

ῥέω (§ 193, note; theme ῥευ-, ῥυ-, §§ 14, 2; 21) flow, fut. ῥεύσομαι and ῥυήσομαι (§ 519, note 2), 1st pf. ἐρρύηκα (§ 190), 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐρρύην, vbl. ῥυτός,

[Attic principal parts in full faced type. Ιonic and poetic forms at the ‘bottom of the page.]

[root ῥη– pf. εἴρηκα have said, pf. mid. εἴρημαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐρρήθην, see εἴρω.

ῥήγ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5; theme ῥηγ-, ῥαγ-, § 13, and a stronger form ῥωγ-) break, fut. ῥήξω, 1st aor. ἔρρηξα, 2d pf. ἔρρωγα am broken (§ 494, 3), pf. mid. (rare) ἔρρηγμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐρράγην (§ 232, 1).

ῥῑγῶ(-όω?) shiver, in pres. contracts to ω and ῳ instead of ου and οι; as opt. ῥῑγῴην, infin. ῥῑγῶν, cf. δηλῶ (§ 250), fut. ῥῑγώσω, 1st aor. ἐρρῑ́γωσα.

ῥῑ́πτ-ω (8 194; ῥῑπ-; ῥιπ-, § 13) and ῥιπτῶ (-έω, § 190) throw, fut. ῥίψω, 1st aor. ἔρρῑψα, 2d pf. ἔρρῑφα (§ 219, 1), pf. mid. ἔρρῑμμαι (§ 27, 1), 2d aor. pass. ἐρρίφην.

ῥών-νῡ-μι (§ 196, note) strengthen, 1st aor. ἔρρωσα, pf. mid. ἔρρωμαι (partic. ἐρρωμένος strong, as an adjective), st aor. pass. ἐρρώσθην (§ 189).

σαίρω (§ 195, 4; theme σηρ-, σαρ-; § 13) clean off; 2d pf. σέσηρα (§ 535) show the teeth, grin.

σαλπίζω (§ 195, note 1; σαλπιγγ-) sound a trumpet, 1st aor. ἐσάλπιγξα.

σάττω (§ 195, note 2; σαγ-) pack, load, 1st aor. ἔσαξα, pf. mid. σέσαγµαι.

σβέν-νῡ-μι (§ 196, note) extinguish, fut. σβέσω (§ 188), 1st aor. ἔσβεσα (§ 188), 1st pf. (ἀπ-)ἔσβηκα (§ 218, 2) intrans. have gone out (§ 494, 3), 1st aor. pass. ἐσβέσθην, and 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514), (ἀπ-)ἔσβην went out.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

σέβ-ω (§ 193) more often σέβομαι (§ 138, 3) revere, 1st aor. ἐσέφθην (§ 158, 3).

σεί-ω (§ 193) shake, fut. σείσῳ, etc., regular, but pf. mid. σέσεισμαι (§ 189) and 1st aor. pass. ἐσείσθην (§ 189).

onpatve (§ 202, 8; cf. σῆμα sign) show, fut. σημανῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἐσήμηνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. σεσήµασμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐσημάνθην.

σήπ– (§ 198,1; theme σηπ-, σαπ-, § 13) rot (fut. σήψω), 2d pf. σέσηπα be rotten (8 494, 2), 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐσάπην.

σκάπ-τω (§ 191: σκαφ-) dig, fut. σκάψω, 1st aor. ἔσκαψα, 2d Pf. ἔσκαφα (§ 219, 1), pf. mid. ἔσκαμμαι (§ 247), 2d aor. pass. (κατ-)ἐσκάφην.

σκδάν-νῡ-μι (§ 196, note) scatter, fut. σκεδῶ (cf. § 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐσκέδασα, pf. mid. ἐσκέδασμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐσκεδάσθην (§ 189).

σκέπ-τοµαι (§ 194; σκεπ-) view (in Attic prose the present is usually supplied (§ 104) by σκοπῶ(-έω), regular), fut. σκέψομαι, 1st aor. ἐσκεψάμην (§ 105, 3), pi. ἔσκεμμαι (§ 247), vbl. σκεπτέος.

σκήπ-τω (§ 191; σκηπ-) prop, fut. σκήψω, 1st aor. ἔσκηψα, pf. mid. ἔσκημμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐσκήφθην.

σκώπ-τω (§ 194; σκωπ-) jeer, fut. σκώψομαι (§ 507), 1st aor. ἔσκωψα. (pf. mid. ἔσκωμμαι, § 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐσκώφθην.

σμῶ (σμῇς, σμῇ, etc., § 199, 3) smear, otherwise regular, fut. σµήσω, etc.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

σπείρω (§ 195, 4; theme σπερ– σπαρ-, § 14, 1) sow, fut. σπερῶ, 1st aor. ἔσπειρα, pf. mid. ἔσπαρμαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. ἐσπάρην (§ 232, 2), vbl. σπαρτός.

σπένδ-ω (§ 193), pour libation, fut. σπείσω (for *σπενδ–σω, § 34), 1st aor. ἔσπεισα, pi. mid. ἔσπεισμαι (§ 189, note).

σπῶ(-άω, § 188) draw, fut. σπάσω, 1st aor. ἕσπασα, 1st pf. ἕσπακα, pl. mid. ἕσπασμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐσπάσθην (§ 180), vbl. σπαστός (§ 189).

στέλλω (§ 195, 3; theme στελ-, σταλ-, § 14, 1) send, fut. στελῶ (§ 213), 1st aor. ἔστειλα (§ 204), 1st pf. ἕσταλκα (§ 218, 4), pf. mid. ἔσταλμαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. ἐστάλην (§ 232, 2).

στενάζω (§ 195, 2; στεναγ-) groan, fut. στενάξω, 15 aor. ἐστέναξα.

στέργ–ω (§ 193, 2; theme στοργ-, στεργ-, § 14) love, fut. στέρξω, 1st aor. ἔστερξα, 2d pf. ἔστοργα (§ 219, 3).

(ἀπο-)στερῶ (-έω, § 292, 2) and στερ-ίσκω (§ 197) deprive, also a pres. mid. στέροµαι be deprived, be in want, fut. στερήσω, etc., regular.

στίζω (§ 195, 2; στιγ-) prick, fut. στίξω, 1st aor. ἔστιξα, pf. mid. ἔστιγμαι, vbl. στικτός (§ 25).

στόρ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5) spread, in prose usually στρώννῡμι (§ 38, 1) q.v., fut. στορῶ (for στορέσω, § 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐστόρεσα (§ 188).

στρέφ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme στροφ-, στρεφ-, στραφ-, § 14, 1) turn, fut. στρέψω, 1st aor. ἔστρεψα, 2d pf. ἔστροφα (§ 219, 3), pf. mid. ἔστραμμαι (§ 224, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐστρέφθην (mostly epic, rare in prose), usually 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐστράφην (§ 232, 2), vbl. στρεπτός.

στρών–νῡ-µι (§ 196, note) spread (cf. στόρνῡμι), fut. στρώσω, 1st aor. ἔστρωσα, pf. mid. ἔστρωμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐστρώθην.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

συρίττω whistle, see συρίζω below.

σύρ–ω (§ 193) draw (fut. συρῶ), 1st aor. ἔσῡρα, 1st pf. σέσυρκα, pf. mid. σέσυρµαι [2d aor. pass. ἐσύρην, late].

Σφάζω (§ 195, 2; aay), in prose commonly σφάττω (8 195, note 2) day, fut. σφάξω, st aor. ἔσφαξα, pf. mid. ἔσφαγμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐσφάγην, vbl. σφακτός.

σφάλλω (§ 195, 3; σφαλ-) trip, deceive, fut. σφαλῶ, 1st aor. ἔσφηλα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. ἔσφαλμαι, 2d aor. pass. ἐσφάλην.

σῴζω (for *σω-ιζω, § 292, 6; cf. σῶς safe) save, fut. σώσω (contr. from σαώσω, see σαόω), 1st aor. ἔσῳσα (and ἔσωσα, contr. from ἐσάωσα, see σαόω), pf. σέσῳκα (and σέσωκα, from σαόω), pf. mid. σέσῳσµαι (§ 189, and σέσωμαι, contr. from σεσάωµαι, see σαόω), 1st aor. pass. ἐσώθην (contr. from ἐσαώθην, see σαόω), vbl. σῳστέος (§ 189).

ταράττω (§ 103, 1; ταραχ-) disturb, fut. ταράξω (fut. mid. often pass., § 515, 1), 1st aor. ἑτάραξα, pf. mid. τετάραγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐταράχθην.

τάττω (§ 103, note 2; ταγ-) arrange, fut. τάξω, 1st aor. ἔταξα, 2d pf. τέταχα (§ 219, 1), pf. mid. τέταγµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐτάχθην, vbls. τακτός, τακτίος (§ 25).

τείνω (§ 105, 4; theme τεν-, τα– § 14, note) stretch, fut. τενῶ, 1st aor. ἔτεινα, 1st pl. τέτακα (§ 218, 4), pf. mid. τέταμαι (§ 224, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐτάθην (for *ἐ-τν-θην, § 14, note, contrary to § 231, 4), vbls. τατός, τατέος (§ 14, note).

τεκµαέροµαι judge, infer, fut. τεκμαροῦμαι, 1st aor. ἐτεκμηράμην (§ 158, 3).

(ἀνα-)τέλλω (§ 195, 3; theme τελ-, ταλ-, § 14, 1) cause to rise, rise, 1st aor. (ἀν-)ἔτειλα, pf. mid. (ἐν-)τέταλμαι (§ 224, note).

τελῶ (-έω for *τελεσ–ιω, cf. τέλος end) finish, fut. τελῶ (§ 212, 1), 1st aor. ἐτέλεσα (§ 188), pf. τετέλεκα (§ 155), pf. mid. τετέλεσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐτελέσθην (5 189), vhL. τελεστέος (§ 189).

τέµ-νω (§ 196, 1; τεμ-, ταμ-, § 14, 1) cut, fut. τεμῶ, 2d aor. ἕτεμον, 1st pf. τέτµηκα (§ 218, 3), pf. mid. τέτμημαι (§ 224, 1), 1st aor. pass. ἐτμήθην (§ 38, 1), vbL. τµη–τέος (§ 38, 1).

τέρπ–ω (§ 193, 2; τερπ-, ταρπ-, § 11, 1) delight, fut. τέρψω, 1st aor. ἕτερψα, 1st nor. pass. ἐτέρφθην.

τετραίνω (§ 195, 4, τετραν-) bore; also tenses from theme τερ-, τρη-, § 38, 1, 1st aor. ἐτέτρᾱνα (§ 204, note 2), also ἕτρησα, pf. mid. τέτρηµαι (τρη-).

τήκ-ω (§ 109, 1; theme τηκ-, τακ-, § 13) melt, fut. τήξω, 1st aor. ἔτηξα, 2d pf. τέτηκα am melted (§ 494, 2), 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514), ἐτάκην (§ 232, 1) melted, vbl. τηκ–τός.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

τέ-θη-μι (§ 193,3; theme θη-, θε-, § 13) put (inflection § 251), fut. θήσω, aor. ἔθηκα (§ 211, 3, inflection § 255), 1st pf. τέθηκα, pf. mid. τέθειμαι, but usually supplied by κεῖμαι (§ 264), st aor. pass. ἐτέθην (§ 40), vbls. θετός, θετέος.

τίκτω (for *τι-τκ–ω, § 193, 3; theme τοκ-, τεκ-, τκ- § 14) beget, bring forth, fut. τέξω, θὰ aor. ἔτεκον, 2d pf. τέτοκα (§ 219, 3), 1st aor. pass. ἐτέχθην.

tί-νω (§ 196, 1; theme τει-, τι-, § 14, 2) pay, fut. τείσω, 1st aor. ἔτεισα, 1st pf. τέτεικα, pf. mid. τέτεισμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐτείσθην (§ 189), vbl. τωστέος (§ 189).

τι-τρώ-σκω (§ 197, 1; τρω-) wound, fut. τρώσω, lst aor. ἔτρωσα, pf. mid. τέτρωμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐτρώθην.

τρέπ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme τροπ-, τρεπ-, τραπ-, § 14, 1) turn, fut. τρέψω, 1st aor. ἔτρεψα, 2d aor. mid, ἐτραπόμην (§ 208) turned, fled, 2d pf. τέτροφα (sometimes possibly τέτραφα), pf. mid. τέτραμµαι (§ 224, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐτρέφθην and 2d aor. pass. usually as intrans. (§ 514) ἐτράπην (§ 232, 2) turned, vbl. tρεπτέος.

τρέφ-ω (§ 193, 2; theme τροφ-, τρεφ-, τραφ-, § 14, 1; for *θροφ-, etc., § 41) support, feed, rear, fut. θρέψω (§ 41), 1st aor. ἔθρεψα (§ 41), 2d pf. τέτροφα (§ 219, 3), pf. mid. τέθραμμαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. ἐπράφην (§ 232, 2).

τρέχ-ω (§ 193; theme θρεχ-, § 41) run; other tenses supplied (§ 164) from theme δραμ-; fut. δραμοῦμαι, 2d aor. ἔδραμον, pf. δεδράµηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. διδράµηµαι (§ 190), but vbl. θρεκτέος.

τρέω (§ 199, 2) tremble, 1st aor. ἔτρεσα (§ 188).

τρῑ́βω (§ 193; τρῑβ-, τριβ rub, fut. τρίψω, lst aor. ἔτρῑψα, 2d pf. τέτριφα, pf. mid. τέτρῑμμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ἐτρῑφθην, but more often 2d aor. pass. ἐτρίβην.

τρύχ-ω, τρυχῶ(-όω), and τρύ–ω wear away, exhaust, all regular, but see § 164.

τρώγ-ω (§ 193; τρωγ-, τραγ-) gnaw, fut. τράξοµαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔτραγov, pf. mid. τέτρωγμαι, vbl. τρωκτός.

πνγχάνω (§ 196, 2; theme τευχ-, τυχ-, § 14, 2) hit, happen, fut. τεύξομαι (§ 507), 2d aor. ἔτυχον (§ 208), 1st pf. τετύχηκα (§ 190).

τύπ-τω (8 194; τυπ-) strike, fut. τυπτήσω (§§ 190; 519, note 2), other tenses usually supplied (§ 164) from παίω or πατάσσω; pass. supplied from πλήττω.

τόφ-ω (§193; theme θυφ-, § 41) raise smoke, smoke, pf. τέθυμμαι, 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐτύφην.

ὑπισχ-νοῦμαι (-έομαι, § 196, 4) promise (§ 508), fut. ὑποσχήσομαι, 2d aor. ὑπεσχόμην, fut. ὑπέσχημαι; of. ἔχω and ἴσχω.

ὑφαίνω (§ 195, 4; ὑφαν-) weare, fut. ὑφανῶ, 1st aor. ὕφηνα (§ 204, note 2), pf. mid. ὕφασμαι (§ 247), 1st aor. pass. ὑφάνθην, vbl ὑφαντός.

ὔ-ω (§ 193) rain, fut. ὔσω, 1st aor. ὖσα, pf. mid. ὖσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ὖσθην (§ 189).

[Attic principal parts in fullfaced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page].

φαίνω (for *φανίω, § 195, 4; theme φαν-) show, fut. φανῶ, 1st aor. ἔφηνα (§ 204, note 2), 1st pf. πέφαγκα, 2d pf. πέφηνα have appeared (§ 494, 2), pf. mid. πέφασμαι (see § 247), 2d aor. pass. as intraus. (§ 514) ἐφάνην appeared.

φά-σκ-ω (§ 197) say, only pres. and impf.; see φημί.

φείδ-ομαι (§ 193, 2; theme φειδ-, φιδ-) spare, fut. φείσομαι (for *φειδσοµαι, § 30), 1st aor. ἐφεισάμην, vbl. φεισ–τέος (§ 26).

φέρ–ω (§ 193, 9) carry (see § 164), fut. supplied by οἴσω, aor. supplied by ἤνεγκα (§ 207, note 1) or 2d aor. ἤνεγκον (theme ἐνεγκ-), 2d pf. ἐν-ήνοχ-α (§§ 179; 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. ἐν-ήνεγ-μαι (§ 224, note), 1st aor. pass. ἠνέχθην, vbls. οἰστός, οἰστέος. Cf. [ἐνεκ-].

φεύγ-ω (§ 193, 2; φευς-, φυς-, § 14, 2), also rarely φυγγάνω (§ 196, 2) flee, fut. φεύξομαι or φευξοῦμαι (§ 214), 2d aor. ἔφυγον (5 208), 2d pf. πέφευγα (§ 219, note 1).

φη-μί (§ 193; φη-, φα-, § 13) say (inflection § 263), fut. φήσω, 1st aor. ἔφησα, vbls. φατός, φατέος.

φθά-νω (§ 196, 2; φθη-, φθα-, § 13) anticipate, fut. φθήσομαι (§ 507; doubtful is φθάσῳ), 1st nor. ἔφθασα, 2d aor. ἔφθην (like ἔστην, § 257).

φθείρω (§ 195, 4; theme φθορ-, φθερ-, φθαρ-, § 14, 1) corrupt, fut. φθερῶ, 1st aor. ἔφθειρα, 1st pf. ἕφθαρκα (§ 218, 4), but commonly 2d pf. δι-έφθορα (§ 219, 3), pf. mid. ἕφθαρμαι (§ 224, note), 2d aor. pass. (cf. § 514), ἐφθάρην (§ 232, 2).

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]

φθί-νω (§ 196, 1), waste, decay, fut. φθίσω, 1st aor. ἔφθισα, 2d aor. mid. ἐφθίμην. perished, pf. mid. ἄφθυμαι.

φιλῶ(-έω) love (inflection § 219), fut. φιλήσω, etc. regular.

φράγ-νῡ-μι (§ 196, 5) fence = φράττω, q.v.

φράξω (§ 195, 2; φραδ-) point out, declare, tell (mid. consider), fut. φράσω (§30), 1st aor. ἔφρασα, 1st pf. πέφρακα, pf. mid. πέφρασμαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐφράσθην (§ 189, note), vbl. φραστέος (§ 189).

φράττω (§ 195, 1; theme φρακ– and φραγ-, § 195, note 2) fence [fut. φράξω or φάρξω (§ 38)], 1st aor. ἔφραξα or ἔφαρξα (§ 38), pf. mid. πέφραγµαι or πέφαργμαι (§ 38), 1st aor. pass. ἐφράχθην, vbl. φρακ–τός or φαρκ–τός (§ 38).

φρίττω (§ 195, 1; φρῑκ-) shudder [fut. φρίξω], 1st aor. ἔφριξα, 1st pf. πέφρῑκα am in a shudder (§ 535).

φρῡ́γ–ω (§ 193) roast, fut. φρῡ́ξω, 1st aor. ἔφρῡξα, pf. mid. πέφρῡγμαι, vbl. φρυκτός.

φνλάττω (§ 195, 1; φυλακ-) guard, fut. φυλάξω, 1st aor. ἐφύλαξα, 2d pf. πεφύλαχα, Df. mid. πεφύλαγμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐφυλάχθην, vbl. φυλακτέος.

φύρ-ω (§ 108) mix, pf. mid. πέφυρµαι; also φυρῶ(-άω) regular.

φῡ́-ω (§ 193 φῡ-, φυ-, § 13) produce, fut. φῡ́σω, 1st aor. ἔφῡσα, 2d aor. ἔφῡν grew, be by nature (§ 494, 1), 1st pf. πέφῡκα be (§ 494, 3), vbI. φυτός.

[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetie forms at the ‘bottom of the page.]

(ἀνα)χάζω (§ 105, 2; χαδ-) withdraw (fut. χάσοµαι, § 507), 1st aor. ἔχασα. The verb is mostly poetic; cf. κέκαδον.

χαίρω (§ 195, 4; χαρ-) rejoice, fut. χαιρήσω (§ 190), 1st pf. κεχάρηκα (§ 190), pf. mid. κέχαρµαι and κεχάρηµαι (§ 190), 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐχάρην rejoiced, vbl. χαρτός.

χαλῶ(-έω, § 188) loosen, lst aor. ἐχάλασα, lst aor. pass. ἐχαλάσθην (§ 189).

χέζω (§ 195, 2; theme χοδ-, χεδ-, § 14) caco, fut. χεσοῦμαι (for *χεδσοῦμαι, §§ 30; 214), 1st aor. ἔχεσα, rarely with variable vowel (cf. § 201 b) ἔχεσον, 2d pf. κέχοδα (§ 219, 3).

χέω (§ 193, note; § 199, 2; theme χευ-, χυ-, § 14,2) pour, fut. χέω (§ 216), aor. ἔχεα (§ 207, note 1), 1st pf. κέ-χυ-κα, pf. mid. κέχυµαι (§ 224, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐχύθην, vbl. χυτός.

χρή it is necessary, see § 267.

χρῑ́ω (§ 193) anoint, sting, fut. χρῑ́σω, 1st aor. ἔχρῑσα, pf. mid. κέχρῑμαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐχρῑ́σθην (§ 189), vbl. χρῑστός (§ 189).

χρῴζω (for χρω-ίζω, § 292, 6, cf. χρώ-ς complexion) color, stain, pf. mid. κέχρῳσμαι (§ 189), 1st aor. pass. ἐχρῴσθην (§ 189).

χρῶ (§ 199, 3) give oracles, fut. χρήσω, 1st aor. ἔχρησα, 1st pf. κέχρηκα, pf. mid. κέχρηµαι, 1st aor. pass. ἐχρήσθην (§ 189). ἀποχρῶ be sufiicient (usually impersonal ἀποχρῇ), like χρῶ.

χρῶμαι (χρῇ, χρῆται, etc., § 199, 3) use (middle deponent, § 158, 3), fut. χρήσομαι, 1st aor. ἐχρησάμην, Pf. κέχρηµαι, lst aor. pass. (§ 510) ἐχρήσθην (§ 189), vbls. χρηστός, χρηστέος (§ 189).

χῶ (-όω) heap up, fut. χώσω, lst aor. ἔχωσα, 1st pf. κέχωκα. pf. mid. κέχωσμαι (§ 189), Ist aor. pass. ἐχώσθην (§ 189), vbl. χωστός (§ 189).

ψεύδ-ω (§ 193, 2) deceive (mid. lie), fut. ψεύσω (§ 30), Ist aor. ἕψευσα (§ 30), pf. mid. ἔψενσμαι (§ 189, note), 1st aor. pass. ἐψεύσθην (§ 189, note).

ψύχ-ω (§ 193) cool, fut. ψῡ́ξω, 1st aor. ἔψῡξα, pf. mid. ἔψῡγμαι, Ist aor. pass. ἐψῡ́χθην and 2d aor. pass. as intrans. (§ 514) ἐψύχην cooled.

ψῶ (ψῇς, ψῇ, etc. § 199, 3) rub (usually in composition: as ἀπο–ψῶ), fut. ψήσω, etc., regular; pf. mid. usually supplied from ψήχω (regular), ἔψηγμαι.

ὡδῶ (-έω, § 190; theme ὠθ-, for *ϝωθ, § 2 a) push (inpf. ἑώθουν, § 172, 2), fut. ὥσω (for *ὠθ-σω, § 30), 1st aor. ἕωσα (§ 172, 2), pf. mid. ἔωσμαι (§§ 180; 189, note), 150 aor. pass. ἑώσθην (§§ 172, 2; 189, note), vbl. ὠστέος (§ 189).

ὠνοῦμαι (-έομαι) buy (impf. ἑωνούμην, § 172, 2), fut. ὠνήσομαι, aor. supplied (§ 164) by ἐπριάμην (§ 257), pf. ἐώνημαι (§ 180), Ist aor. pass. ἑωνήθην (§ 172, 2), vbls. ὠνητός, ὠνητέος.

12 a. Vau, although not written in the received text of the Homeric poems, must, from evidence of the metre and of early inscriptions, have been a live sound when these poems were composed. Thus, it appears to have been sounded at the beginning of about forty words, the most important of which are: ἄστν town, ἄναξ lord, ἁνδάνω please, εἴκοσι twenty (cf. Lat. viginti), ἕο, οἶ, ἕ himself, ἔξ six, root ἐπ– (ἔποσ word, εἶπον said), ἔργον work, root ἑσ– (ἔννυμι close, ἐσθής clothing; cf. Lat. vestis), ἔτοσ year (cf. Lat. vetus), ἠδύσ sweet (see § 36 a), root ἰδ– (ἰδεῐν see, oἶδα know; cf. Lat. vid-ere), οἶκοσ hause (cf. Lat. vicus), οἶνοσ wine (cf. Lat. vinum), ὅs, ἥ, ὅν his. See also § 36a and § 172, 2.

25 a. In Ionic (Herodotus) a diphthong ωυ occurs ; thus, ωὑτός for ό αὑτός the same. This diphthong ωυ is almost unknown in Attic Greek.

38 a. Ionic sometimes has a smooth breathing where Attic has the rough: thus, ἠέλιος sun, Attic ᾕλιος; οὖρος boundary, Attic ὅρος.

413 a. In Homer a long vowel or a diphthong sometimes stands for a short vowel, especially in words which would otherwise be excluded from the verse: thus, ἡγάθεος very holy for ἀγάθεος, οὐλόμενος accursed for ὀλόμενος.

515 a. Ionic regularly has η for original ᾱ even after ε, ι, and ρ: thus, , γενεή, σοφίη, πρῆγμα. Not so, however, in the cases covered by § 15, 1.

618 a. In Ionic, contraction is much less frequent than in Attic. Thus, we have πλόος for Attic πλοῡς, γένεα. for Attic γένη. Eo, εου, if contracted, give ευ (ποιεῡμεν we do for ποιέ-ομεν, ποιεῡσι they do for ποιέ-ουσι), but often remain uncontracted.

722 a. Doubled Consonants in Homer. In Homer we frequently find a doubled consonant where Attic would have a single consonant: thus, ἔλλαβε took (Attic ἔλαβε), ἀγάννιφος snowy, ἔδδειαε feared (Attic ἔδειβε). In many cases this doubling is to be explained by the assimilation of another consonant. Thus, ἀγάννιφος is for * ἀγα-(σ)νιφος and ἔδδεισε is for * ἐδ (φ) εισε.

In some words Homer has both the single and double forms: thus, ὀπίδδω and ὀπίδω backward, Ἀχιλλεύς and Ἀχιλεύς Achilles.

830 a. More properly a lingual mute before σ is first assimilated to the σ, and the two sigmas later become one. In Homer we often find the older form with σς: thus, ποσ-σί feet (dat.), Attic ποσί (from *ποδ-σι)

9In Homer the older form with σσ is frequently kept. Thus, ἔπεσ-σι words (dat.), Attic ἔπεσι.

10At the beginning of several of the words enumerated in § 2 a, σ as well as vau has been lost: thus, in ήδύς sweet, formerly *σ_Fᾱδυς. (cf. English sweet, Latin sua (d) vis);ὄς his, formerly *σ_Fος. (cf. Latin suus).

1141 a. In Ionic we sometimes find a transfer of aspiration: κιθών shirt, ένθῡτα there, for Attic χιτών, ένταῡθα.

1244 a. Final αι in the verb endings –μαι, – σαι, – ται, – σθαι are occasionally elided in Homer ; so also final οι in μοι and σοί.

1344, 2 a. Rarely Homer elides –ι in the dative singular of the third declension; oftener in the dative plural.

1444, 4 a. Herodotus retains the smooth mute: ἀπ’ ὧν, κατ-ίημι.

1553 a. In Homer even before a single liquid at the beginning of some words a syllable with a short vowel is long.

ἀπὸ μεγάροιο (ᴗ _ ᴗ ᴗ _ ᴗ) from the hall.

ὄρεї νιφόεντι (ᴗ ᴗ _ ᴗ ᴗ _ ᴗ) snowy mountain (dat.).

A good many of these instances are to be explained by the loss of another consonant. Thus, νιφόεντι stands for *(δ) νιφοεντι (cf. § 22 a).

b. In Homer one of the consonants that make the preceding syllable long may be the unwritten vau (_F) (see § 2 a). So κακόν _Fέπος evil word (ᴗ _ ᴗ ᴗ).

1654 a. In Homer a mute and a liquid almost always make the preceding syllable long: thus, τὰ πρῶτα (_ _ ᴗ) the first.

17In Homer (and lyric poetry) έν, εἰς, ἐξ, and ὡς, if they follow the words they modify, take an acute accent: thus, κακῶν ἔξ from the base, θεὸς as a god.

1876 a. Homer sometimes uses also -θεν as an ending of the genetive singular: thas: ἀπὸ Τροίηθεν from Troy, ἐξ ἁλόθεν out of the sea.

b. For the dative plural of the consonant declension Homer uses also ending -εσσι. (See § 99 a).

c. Epic Case ending φι(ν). – Epic portry has a peculiar case ending φι(ν), wich servers as genetive or dative either singular or plural: thas βίηφι with violence, ἀπ’ ὄχεσφι from the car, παρὰ ναῦ-φιν beside the ships.

19Моя версия разнесения столбцов в таблице. Согласуйте, пожалуйста.

2083 a. In Ionic long a of the singular of the first declension is always changed to η: e.g., χώρη, γενεή, σοφίη, μοίρης for Attic χώρᾱ, γερεᾱ́, σοφίᾱ, μοίρᾱς (see § 15 a).

21 84 a. In the genitive plural Homer has the older form –ᾱ́ων (πυλᾱ́ων) and rarely the Ionic –έων (πυλέων). Cf. § 17.

b. In the dative plural Ionic has –ῃσι (γλώσσῃσι); Homer uses also, though rarely, –ῃς (πέτρῃς to rocks).

2287 a. In the genitive singular masculine, Homer has the earlier (and proper) form –ᾱo (Ἀτρείδᾱo), and sometimes the Ionic form Ἀτρείδεω, the accent remaining as in the original form (see § 17).

2388 a. The Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms; thus, Βορέης, Ἑρμεᾷ for Attic Βορρᾶς, Ἑρμῇ.

2490 a. In the genetive singular Homer has οιο, -οο (rarely), and –ου: thas πολέμοιο, πολέμοο, πολέμου of war.

b. In the genetive and dative dual Homer has -οιιν for Attic οιν: thas ἵπποιιν, from ἴππος horse.

c. In thedative plural Homer usually has οισι; Herodotus always has it: thas ἀνθρώποισι to men.

2592 a. This form of declension is confined almost wholly to Attic. In Ionic most of these words follow the ordinary second declension. So, for Attic λεώς, νεώς, κάλως, λαγώς Ionic h λᾱός, νηός, κάλος, λαγωός or λαγός.

2699 a. In the dative plural Homer has –σι (ν) and –εσσι(ν), sometimes σσι(ν) after vowels. Thus, he has ποσσί (*ποσ-σί), ποσί and ποδεσσι with feet, νέκυ-σσι to corpses. Very rarely we find -εσι: χείρ-εσι with hands.

b. In the genitive and dative dual Homer has –οιιν for Attic –οιν. Thus, ποδοῖιν of or with two feet.

27102 a. In Ionic a few stems in –ωτ– have forms without τ (cf. § 103, 2 a). Thas χρώς skin, gen. sing. χροός, dat. χροῑ́, acc. χρόα; ἱδρώς sweat, dat. sing. ἱδρῷ.

28103, 2 a. In Ionic κέρας and τέρας have no forms with τ. Thus, Homer has dat. sing, κέραι, nom. plur. κέρᾱ, gen. plur. κεράων, dat. plur. κέρασι and κεράεσσι. Herodotus changes α to ε before a vowel (cf. § 106 c), but does not contract: thus, τέρεος, κέρεΐ, κέρεα, κερέων. Of φῶς light Homer uses only the uncontracted form φάος (sometimes wrongly written φόως), dat. φάει, plur φᾱ́εα.

29105 a. In Homer the form of the stem with ε is more frequently used than in Attic: thus, πατέρος, πατέρι; ᾱνέρα, ᾱνέρες, etc. (Attic πατρός, etc.). In θυγάτηρ, however, we sometimes find θύγατρα, θύγατρες and always θυγατρῶν. From ἀνήρ he has in the dative plural both ἀνδράσι and ἄνδρεδδι.

30106 a. Homer and Herodotus regularly have the uncontracted forms. Thus, θάρσεος of courage, θάρσεΐ with courage. The accusative plural κλέα, which sometimes occurs in Homer, is probably for κλέε’.

b. In the dative plural Homer has three different forms: thus, βελέεσσι (for *βελεσ-εσσι, § 76 b), βέλεσ-σι and βελεσι (§ 35) from βέλος missile.

c. In Homer and Herodotus words with stems in –ασ– are usually uncontracted: thus, γήραος of old age. A few words have ε instead of α in the stem, except in the nominative: thus, οὖδας ground, gen. sing. οῦδεος; κῶας fleece, dat. plur. κώεσι. In the nominative and accusative plural Homer has –α short: thus, δέπα cups. In the dative plural he has three forms, δεπά-εσσι (for *δεπασ-εσσι, § 37), δέπασ-σι and δέπασι (§ 35).

31108 a. In Homer proper names in –κλεης should probably have the uncontracted forms. Thus, Ἡρακλέεα gen. sing. Ἡρακλέεα acc. sing, of Ἡρακλέης Heracles, but these are usually written with η, Ἡρακλῆος, Ἡρακλῆα.

32109 a. In Ionic ἡώς dawn is declined like αἰδώς.

33110 a. In Homer stems in –ι– are, thus, declined: sing. nom. πόλις, gen. πόλιος, dat. πόλΐ, rarely πόλει (which doubtless stands for πόλιΐ), acc. πόλιν, voc. πόλι; plur. nom. πόλιες, gen. πόλίων, dat. πόλίεσσι (§ 76 b) or (rarely) πόλεσί (which perhaps stands for πόλίσι), acc. πόλῑς and πόλιας.

b. From πόλίς Homer has also four forms with η: sing. gen. πόληος, dat. πόληΐ; plur. nom. πόληες, acc. πόληας.

c. In Herodotus stems in –υ– are, thus, inflected: sing. πόλις, πόλιος, πόλι (rarely πόλει), πόλιν, πόλι; plur. πόλιες, πόλιων, πόλισι, πόλῑς (rarely πόλιας).

d. In Ionic, words with stems in –υ– regularly have the uncontracted forms: thus, ἄστεΐ, ἄστεα, πήχεες – except that Homer sometimes contracts the dative singular: thus, πληθυῖ to a multitude. In the genitive singular Ionic has always –ος (not –ως): thus, πήχε-ος, ἄστε-ος. The genitive plural has its regular accent (cf. § 110, 2): thus, πηχέων, ἀστέων.

e. In the accusative plural Homer has –ῡς or –υας, as the meter may demand: thus, ἰχθῦς or ἰχθύας.

34111 a. In Ionic, words with stems in -ευ- regularly have the uncontracted form. Homer has η instead of ε wherever υ has disappeared (§ 111 and note). Thas βασιλῆος, βασιλῆΐ etc. (but βασιλεύς, βασιλεῦσι). In proper names, hawever, he sometimes has ε, as in Πηλέος of Peleus (also Πηλῆος).

b. For γραῦς and ναῦς Homer has γρηῦς and νηῦς. The latter he thas declines: sing. nom. νηῦς, gen. νηός, or νεός, dat. νηΐ, acc. νῆα, νέα; plur. nom. νῆες or νέες, gen. νηῶν or νεῶν, dat. νηυσί, νήεσσι or νέεσσι, acc. νῆας or νέας. Herodotus has sing. νηῦς, νηός, or νεός, νηΐ, νέα; plur. νέες, νεῶν, νηυσί, νέας.

c. For the dative plural of βοῦς Homer has βουδί and βόεδδι, and for the accusative plural βοῦς and βόας (cf. § 110 a and e).

35113 a. Homer has only the uncontracted forms: thus, ἤρω-ΐ, ἤρωα, (ἤρω’), ἤρωες, ἤρωας.

36114, 2 a. So Homer has ὁ δεσμός bond, plur. οἱ δεσμοί and τὰ δέσματα. Πάτροκλος (gen. –ου, 2d decl.) has also forms from a stem Πατροκλες-:thus, gen Πατροκλέεος (Πατροκλῆος?) etc. (See § 108 a).

From ἡνίοχο-ς charioteer, declined regularly, Homer has also ἡνίοχῆα, ἡνίοχῆες (stem ἡνιοχευ-, § 111); cf. Αἰθίπας, and Αἰθίπῆας, acc. plur. of Αἰθίοψ.

37115, 1 a. Ἄρης: Homer has gen. Ἄρηος and "Ἄρεος, dat. Ἄρηι and Ἄρεΐ, acc. Ἄρηα; Herodotus, Ἄρεος, Ἄρει, Ἄρεα.

115, 3 a. γόνυ: Ionic and poetic γούνατος, γούνατι, γούνατα, γουνάτων, γούνασι. Epic also γουνός, γουνί, γοῦνα, γούνων, γούνεσσι (§ 76 b).

115, 6 a. δόρυ: Ionic δούρατος, δούρατι, δούρατα, δουράτων, δούρασι. Epic also δούρός, δούρί, δοῦρε, δοῦρα, δούρων, δούρεσσι (§ 76 b).

115, 8 a. Ζεύς: poetic also Zηνός, Zηνί, Zηνός, Zῆνα.

115, 9 a. κάρᾱ: Homer has forms from four different stems, καρηατ-, καρητ- and κρᾱατ-, κρᾱτ.

Singular

Nom. Acc. κάρη also κάρ

Gen. καρήατος κάρητος κρᾱ́ατος κρᾱτός

Dat. καρήατι κάρητι κρᾱ́ατι κρᾱτί

Plural

Nom. Acc. καρήατα κάρᾱ κρᾱ́ατα κρᾶτα

Gen. κρᾱ́των

Dat. κρᾱσί

For the plural Homer usually has κάρηνα, κάρηνων, from another word, τὸ κάρηνον.

115, 11 a. In κόρυς (κορυθ-) helmet Homer sometimes has an accusative κόρυν (cf. § 115, 17).

115, 14 a. μάρτυς: Homer has always sing, μάρτυρος (2d decl.), plur. μάρτυροι.

115, 15 a. Οἰδίπους: Homer has a genitive Οἰδιπόδᾱο; Herodotus, Οἰδιπόδεω. Doric forms found in the lyrics of tragedy are gen. Οἰδιπόδᾱ, acc. Οἰδιπόδᾱν, voc. Οἰδιπόδᾱ.

115, 16 a. οἶς: Ionic usually leaves the stem uncontracted: thus, ὄϊς, ὄϊος, etc.

115, 18 a. οὖς: Homer has gen. sing, οὔατυς, plur. οὔατα, dat. οὔασι.

115, 25 a. υἱός: besides the stems υἱο– (2d decl.) and υἱυ– (3d decl.), Homer has also a stem υἱ– which gives the following forms: sing. gen. υἶος, dat. υἶι, acc. υἶα; dual υἶε; plur. nom. υἶες, dat. υἱάσι, acc. υἶας. Herodotus has only the forms from υἱός (2d decl.).

115, 26 a. χείρ: poetic χερός, χερί. Homer has dat. plur. χερσί, χείρεσσι, and (once) χείρεσι.

38117, 1 a. Ionic has η instead of α in the feminine (see § 83 a). In the genetive plural of the feminine Homer has –άων (sometimes –έων), Herodotus has –έων (cf. § 84 a).

39119 a. Homer has ἵλᾱος and πλεῖος for Attic ἵλεως and πλέως (see § 92, a).

40120 a. Homer rarely, if ever, contracts adjectives in –ης. Thus, δυσμενέες nom. plur. of δυσμενής hostile.

41123 a. For the feminine –eῖα, –είᾱς, etc., Herodotus has –έα, – έης, –έῃ, etc., and Homer sometimes has them: thus, βαθέα, βαθέης, etc. (Attic βαθεῖα). In the accusative singular Homer sometimes has –έα for Attic –ύν: thus, εὐρέα πόντον broad sea.

42127 a. Herodotus has πολλός, πολλή, πολλόν, declined like ἀγαθός Homer also frequently uses this form, as well as other 3d declension forms (not Attic), from the stem πολυ-: thus, gen. sing. πολέος, nom. plur. πολέες gen. πολέων, dat. πολέεσσι ( § 76 b), πολέσσι, and πολέσι, acc. πολέας.

43134 a. In Epic poetry the comparative ending –ιων has short ι.

b. In poetry the forms in –ιων, –ιστος occur much more frequently than in prose. Homer has several comparatives and superlatives that are not usual in Attic: thus, κῡ́διστος most glorious, φέρτερος more excellent, ὁπλότερος younger; all these will be found in the lexicon.

44137, 2 a. The local endings are naturally much more frequent in Homer: thus, οἴκοθι at home, οὐρανόθεν from heaven, ἡμετερόνδε to our (house), πόλινδε to the city, etc.

45139 a. Homer has the following forms of the personal pronouns:

Singular

Nom. ἐγώ, ἐγών σύ, τῡ́νη

ἐμεῖο, ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, σεῖο, σέο, σεῦ, εἷο, ἕο, ἑο (encl.)

Gen. (

μευ (encl.), ἐμέθεν σευ(encl.), σέθεν, εὗ, εὑ (encl.)

ἕθεν, ἑθέν (encl.)

Dat. ἐμοί, μοι (encl.) σοι, τοι (encl.), τεῑ́ν, ἐοῖ, οἷ, οί (encl.)

Acc. ἐμέ, με (encl.) σέ, σε (encl.) ἑέ, ἔ, μιν (encl.)

Dual

Nom., Acc. νῶϊ, νώ σφῶϊ, σφώ σφωέ (encl.)

Gen., Dat. νῶϊν, σφῶϊν, σφῷν (δ 62) σφωῑ́ν (encl.)

Plural

Nom. ἡμεῖς, ἄμμες ῡ́μεῖς, ὔμμες

ἡμείων, ἡμέων ῡ́μείων, ὑμέων, σφείων, σφέων

Gen. (

σφών (encl.), σφῶν

ἡμῖν, ἄμμι(ν) ῡ́μῖν, ὔμμι(ν) σφίσι(ν), σφισί(ν) (encl.)

Dat. (

σφιν (encl.)

ἡμέας, ἄμμε ῡ́μέας, ὔμμε σφέας, σφεάς (encl.)

Acc. (

σφέ (encl.)

The forms of the plural in ἀμμ– and ὐμμ– are Aeolic in origin.

b. In Herodotus the personal pronouns have the following inflection:

Singular

Nom. ἐγώ, σύ

Gen. ἐμέο, ἐμεῦ, μευ (encl.) σέο, σεῦ, σευ (encl.) εὑ (encl.)

Dat. ἐμοί, μοι (encl.) σοί, τοι (encl.), οί (encl.)

Acc. ἐμέ, με (encl.) σέ, σε (encl.) ἑ (encl.), μιν (encl.)

Plural

Nom. ἡμεῖς ῡ́μεῖς σφείς

Gen. ἡμέων ῡ́μέων σφείων, σφεων (encl.)

Dat. ἡμῖν, ῡ́μῖν, σφίσι, σφισι (encl.)

ἡμέας ῡ́μέας σφέας, σφεας (encl.)

Acc. (

neut. σφεα (encl.)

46140 a. Herodotus has αὐτέων for the genetive plural feminine of αὐτός (cf. § 84 a). For the crasis ωὑτός, see § 5 a.

47141 a. In Homer the personal pronouns alone are sometimes used reflexivele; often the reflexive meaning is made more clear by the addition of αὐτός, but the two pronouns have not yet combined, as in Attic, into one word. Thas Homer has ἐμέθεν αύτῆς myself (gen. fem.), οἷ αὐτῷ himself (dat.), αὐτόν μιν himself (acc.) etc.

48143 a. Beside the forms given above (§ 143) Homer has also τεός (Latin tuus) thy, ἑός his (her, its), ᾱ́μός our, your, σφός their; also, from the dual stems νω-, σφω-, νωῑ́τερος belonging to us two, and σφωῑ́τερος belonging to you two.

The possessive ὅς, ἐός in Homer appears sometimes to be used without referense to the third person, in sense of own: thas ἧς γαίης (my) own land (gen.), δώμασι οἶσι (your) own house (dat.).

49144 a. Homer almost always uses as demonstrative pronoun. Beside the forms given above (§ 144) Homer has also nom. sing. masc. ὅς (found also in Attic in the phrases καὶ ὅς ἔφη and he said, and ἧ, δ’, ὅς said he), gen. sing. masc. and neut. τοῖο (§ 90 a) gen. and dat. dual τοῖϊν (§ 90 b), nom. plur. masc. τοί, nom. plur fem. ταί, gen. plur. fem. τᾱ́ων (§ 84 a), dat. plur. masc. τοῖσι (§ 90 c), dat. pkur. fem. τῇσι or τῇς(§ 84 b).

144 b. Herodotus also uses ὁ, ἡ, τό, as demonstrative pronoun, but not so frequently as Homer does. In the dative plural he has τοῖσι and τῇσι.

50145 a. For the dative plural of ὅδε Homer sometimes has τοίσδεσι or τοίσδεσσι, Herodotus has τοισίδε.

51146 a. For ἐκεῖνος Homer and other poets often have κεῖνος; Herodotus also uses both forms.

52148 a. Of the interrogative and indefinite pronouns Homer and Herodotus have the following additional forms: gen. sing. τέο, τεῦ, τεο, τευ; dat. sing. , gen. plur. , dat. plur. , neut. plur. (Homer) (cf. § 148 note 1 and § 22).

53149 a. Beside the forms given above (§ 149) Homer has also gen. sing. masc. and neut. ὅο (§ 90 a), often wrongly written ὅου, and fem, ἓης (!)

In Homer the demonstrative pronoun ὁ (ἡ, τὸ) (§ 144 a), is often used as a relative referring to a definite antecedent (cf. English that). When so used the forms with τ– (τοί, ταί, § 144 a) are employed in the nominative plural.

b. Herodotus has from the relative the forms ὅς, ἥ, oi, and αἵ. For all other forms he employs the demonstrative [ὁ, ἡ] τό, τοῦ, τῆς, etc. (cf. § 149 a), except after certain prepositions (mostly prepositions of two syllables, of which the last syllable may suffer elision): thus, μετ’ ἧς with whom, ἀπ’ ὦν from which (§ 44, 4 a).

54150 a. Homer has several forms of the indefinite relative in which the stem ὁ – is not declined: thus, sing. nom. ὅτις, neut. ὅττι, gen. ὅττεο, ὅττευ and ὅτευ, dat. ὅτεῳ, acc. ὅτινα, neut. ὅττι; plur. gen. ὅτεων, dat. ὅτέοισι, acc. ὅτινας. For the neuter plural he uses ἅσσα nom. and acc.

b. Herodotus has gen. sing. ὅτευ, dat. sing. ὅτεῳ, gen. plur. ὅτεων, dat. plur. ὅτέοισι, neut. plur. nom. and acc. ἅσσα.

55152 a. Homer has for four τέσσαρες (§ 22) and πίσυρες (Aeolic), and for nine times εἰνάκις.

b. Herodotus has τέσσερες (4), δυώδεκα (12), τριήκοντα (30), ὀγδώκοντα (80), διηκόδιοι (200), τριηκόδιοι (300), and εἴνατος, εἰνάκις (Attic ἔνατος, ἐνάκις).

56155 a. Beside the feminine μία Homer has also ἴα, ἰῆς, ἰῇ, ἴαν and once the dat. sing. neut. ἰῷ. He uses δύο, or δύω, indeclinably, and he has also a longer adjective form, dual δοιώ, plur. δοιοί, –αί, –ά, declined like the plural of ἀγαθός (§ 117).

b. Herodotus often uses δύο indeclinably. If declined, he has gen. δυῶν, dat. δυοῖσι.

57160 a. Homer often forms the subjunctive with a short vo-wel (o or ε), especially in the aorist; never, however, in the present of –ω verbs (§ 169).

58167 a. In Homer –σθα is more frequent than in Attic: thus, τιθη–σθα, from τίθηµι put; φῆ-σθα, from φημί say; so sometimes in the subjunctive: ἐθέλη-σθα (Attic ἐθέλῃς), from ἐθέλῳ wish.

b. Homer sometimes has –τον for –γην and –σθον for –σθην in the third person dual of secondary tenses.

c. Homer often has –ν for –σαν as an ending of the third plural active, before which the preceding vowel is always short: thus, ἕβα-ν they went, ἔφα-ν they said, ἔγραφε–ν they were reared (Attic ἕβη-σαν, ἔφη-σαν, ἐτράφη-σαν).

d. Ionic often has the endings –αται, ατο, for –νται, –ντο (cf. § 14, 2, note). In the optative these endings are always found; often in the perfect and pluperfect indicative, and sometimes in the present and imperfect of –μι verbs: thus, βουλοί-ατο (Attic βούλοι-ντο), from βούλομαι wish; τετράφ-αται (§ 226 2), from τρέφω nourish ; τιθέ-αται (Attic τίθε-νται), from τίθηµι put.

e. For an ending of the infinitive Homer has also -μεναι or (usually before vowels) –μεν (for the accent see § 185, 1a): thus, πεμπέ-μεναι or πεμπέ-μεν, as well as πέμπειν to send.

59170 a. Homer often retains the endings –μι (1st per.) and –σι (3d per.) in the subjunctive: thus, ἐθέλωμι, ἐθέλησε (Attic ἐθέλω, ἐθέλῃ), from ἐθέλω wish.

b. In the third plural Homer often has –ν for –σαν (§ 167 c); the preceding vowel is always short: thus, ξύν-ιε-ν they gave heed, ἔφα-ν they said (Attic ξυν-ιε-σαν͵ ἔφη-σαν).

170, 4 a. In Ionic, –μι verbs follow the contract system of inflection in a few more forms than in Attic: thus, δεδοῖς, διδοῖ, τιθεῖ, ἵει.

170 c. (note 3). In Ionic the second person middle drops the σ of the ending, but the vowels usually remain uncontracted: thus, λύσεαι, ἐλῡ́εο, ἐλῡ́σαο, etc., from λῡ́ω loose. Herodotus contracts –ηαι to –ῃ, and sometimes –εο to –ευ: thus, πείθῃ (2d pers. subj. mid.), from πείθω persuade; ἀνέχεν (impy. mid.), from ἀνέχω hold up.

60171a. In Homer and in lyric poetry the augment is often omitted: thus, βῆν went, ἔλασε drove, ἔχε held (Attic ἔβην, ἤλασε, εῑχε).

b. In Herodotus the temporal augment is often omitted ; the syllabic augment only in the pluperfect and in iteratives (§ 191 b).

61172, 1a. In Homer other liquids besides ρ may be doubled aiter the syllabic augment: thus, ἕλλαβε took, ἔμμαθε learned (cf. § 22 a).

62176 a. In Herodotus the Attic reduplication is never augmented.

63179 а. In Homer the “Attic” reduplication is found in more verbs than in Attic, sometimes without lengthening the first vowel of the theme: thus, ἐρ-έριπτο, from ἐρείπω overthrow (§ 219, note 2). Cf. in Attic ἤγαγον (infin. ἀγ-αγεῖν), 2d aor. of ἄγω lead.

64185, 1a. The epic infinitive in –μεναι or –μεν (§ 167 e) always has its written accent on the syllable preceding the ending: thus, δόµεναι to give, ἀγέμεν to lead.

65191a. Θ in Tense Formation. – In Homer, and sometimes in the Attic poets (very rarely in prose), a few verbs have forms from a present (or aorist) stem made with the suffix –θ– (-εθο-/ε- or -αθο-/ε-): thus, ἐ-διώκ-αθο–ν (διώκω pursue), µετ-ε-κῑ́-αθο-ν (κίω go), φλεγ-έθω (φλέγω burn), ἔ-σχ-εθο-ν (ἔχω hold).

191 b. Iterative Forms.–In Homer and Herodotus iterative forms of the imperfect and aorist are found, to denote a repeated past action. They are formed by adding the iterative suffix –σκο-/ε– to the tense stem of the imperfect or aorist: thus, μένε-σκο-v kept remaining ( μένω remain), ποιέε–σκο-v kept doing (ποιῶ) (-έω) do), φύγε- σκο-v used to flee, aorist (φεύγω flee). These forms are inflected like the imperfect, and seldom have an augment (§ 171a-b).

66195, 2a. This form of the present in –ζ– sometimes gives rise to uncertainty about the aorist and future. In Homer verbs in –ζω not infrequently have ξ in the aorist and future: thus, πολεμίζω (πολεμιδ-), πολεμίξω, ἐπολέμιξα.

67199 a. Contract Verbs in Homer. – In Homer verbs in –έω and –άω are sometimes contracted as in Attic, but often remain uncontracted: thus, τελέει and τελεῖται, from τελῶ (-έω) finish, ναιετάω dwell, μενοινᾷς, from μενοινῶ (-άω) be eager. Rarely verbs in –ἄω have the inflection of verbs in -έω: thus, μενοίνεον (from μενοινῶ (-άω) be eager). Cf. § 199 e.

b. “Assimulation”. – Verbs in –άω, when uncontracted, not infrequently have the regular uncontracted form, as stated in § 199 a, but more often they show in the manuscripts a peculiar assimilation, an o sound prevailing over an adjacent α sound, and an α sound over an ε sound: thus, ὁρόω for ὁράω, ὁράᾳς for ὁράεις (ὁρῶ (-άω) see). A long syllable in the original form is represented by a long vowel (or improper dipbthong) in the assimilated form: thus, ὁρόωντες for ὁράοντες, ὁρόῳμι for ὁράοιμι, ὁρόωσα for ὁράουσα. Two long vowels in succession are regularly avoided, unless they are necessary to preserve the meter: thus, ἡβώοντες (not ἡβώωντες) for ἡβᾱ́οντες, ἡβώοιμι (not ἡβώφμι) for ἡβᾱ́οιμι; but μενοινώω for μενοινᾱ́ω, ἡβώωσα for ἡβᾱ́ουσα, since otherwise the original quantities would not be preserved.

199 c. Verbs in –όω hardly ever remain uncontracted, but if uncontracted they show an “assimilation” precisely as if they were verbs in –άω: thus, ἀρόωσι for ἀρόουσι (ἀρῶ (-όω) plow).

Note. –There can be little doubt that these “assimilated” forms are spurious forms dating from Alexandrine times, produced from the contracted forms ὁρῶ, ὁρᾷς, etc., which were the only forms of such verbs in use at the time. Observe that the “assimilated” form has exactly the same quantities as the uncontracted form, and the latter can be everywhere restored to the text.

d. Aeolic Forms. – Homer sometimes treats contract verbs in –έω as if they were -μι verbs like τίθημι: thus, φορῆ-ναι, φορή-μεναι (cf. § 200 a), infinitive from φορῶ (-έω) bear, ἀπειλή-την (cf. § 200 a), imperfect dual from άπειλῶ (-έω) threaten.

e. Contract Verbs in Herodotus. – Verbs in –άω in Herodotus are often contracted as in Attic, but sometimes when the α comes before an o sound it is changed to ε, and the form then remains uncontracted: thus, ὁρέω, ὁρέωσι, ὁρέοντες, Attic ὁρῶ (-άω), etc. see.

Verbs in –έω are usually uncontracted except when the ε is preceded by a vowel; then εο and εου usually contract into ευ (§ 18a): thus, ποιεῦσι, ἐποίευν (for Attic ποιοῦσι, ἐποίουν), from ποιῶ (-έω) do.

Verbs in –όω are regularly contracted as in Attic.

68200 a. Homer sometimes has the end vowel of –μι verbs long in forms other than those of the singular of the indicative active: thus, τιθή-μεναι, infinitive active of τίθημι put.

b. Homer and Herodotus have in the third plural τιθεῖσι, διδοῦσι, etc., for *τιθε-νσι, *διδο–νσι, etc. (the accent is irregular); but regular forms ζᾶσι, from εῑμι go (§ 261), and ἔᾱσι; from εἰμί be (§ 262 a).

c. Homer sometimes has –θι in the imperative: thus, δίδωθι give. Herodotus in the third plural of the middle has forms with –αται, –ατο (Attic –νται, –ντο, § 167 d): τιθέαται, ἐτιθέατο.

69201 a. In Homer the first aorist (and future, § 212) of a good many verbs has σσ, but in nearly all such cases the theme of the verb originally ended in σ or a lingual mute (cf. § 30 a): thus, ἐ-τέλεσ-σα, from τελῶ (έω) finish (theme τελεσ-, cf. τέλος end); ἐ-κόμισ-σα (for *έ-κομιδ- σα), from κομίζω carry (theme κομιδ-).

b. Homer has forms of the first aorist with a variable vowel ο-/ε- instead of α: thus, ἐβήσετο went, from βαίνω; ἷξον came, from ἴκω; ἄξετε lead (impv.), from ἄγω.

70204 a. Homer sometimes keeps σ in the aorist after a liquid: thus, ἧρ-σα, from ἀραρίσκω (ἀρ) fit; ἔ–κερ–σα, from κείρω (κερ-) shear.

71207a, In Homer the second aorist is found much more frequently than in Attic, and consonant themes are often inflected in the middle without the variable vowel: thus, ἐ-δέγ-μην, from δέχ-οµαι receive; ἕ-μικ-το, from μείγ-νῡ-µι mix. Liquid themes sometimes undergo metathesis (§ 38): thus, βλῆ-το was hit, from βάλλω (theme βαλ-).

72208, 1a. In Homer reduplicated second aorists are rather frequent: thus, ἐ-πέ-φραδ-ον, from φράζω declare, πέ-πιθ-ον, from πείθω persuade, πέ-φν-ον slew (cf. φόν-ος murder), etc.

73210 a. In Homer the same verb sometimes has forms with and without the variable vowel; thus, ἔκλυο-ν fieard, imperative κλῦ-θι.

74211 a. Properly, in the second aorist, as in the present, of –μι verbs, the long form should be found only in the singular of the indicative active (see § 200). So we should have sing. ἔβην, ἔβης, ἔβη, dual ἕβᾶτον, etc., plur. ἔβᾶμεν, etc. But in Attic the long vowel of the singular has crowded into the dual and plural, except in δίδωμι, ἴημι τίθηµι. In Homer, as might be expected, we sometimes find forms with the short vowel: thus, βάτην they (two) went, ἔ-χν-το was poured (ἔχενα).

211, 1a. In Homer the subjunctive of the second aorist of –μι form is usually uncontracted: thus, θέ-ωμεν, ἀφ-έ-ῃ. But in such case the root vowel usually appears in its long form: thus, θή-ῃ (Attic θῇς, for θέ-ῇς), δώ-η-σι or δώ-ῃ (Attic δῷ, for δό-ῃ). Before the endings –τον, –μεν, –τε of the active, and in most forms of the middle, the mode vowel is then short (§ 100 a): thus, στή-ε-τον, δώ-ο-μεν, βλή-ε-ται (from βάλλω throw), φθι-ό-μεσθα (from φθίνω waste away).

211, 1b. In Herodotus –αω and –εω remain uncontracted in the subjunctive, –αω as elsewhere becoming –εω (§ 199 e): thus, στέ-ω-μεν (for στά-ω-μεν, Attic στῶμεν).

211, 2 a. In Attic no second aorist optative of themes in –υ– or –ι– happens to occur. In Homer such an optative is sometimes found: thus, δῡ́η (for *δυιν), δῦμεν (for *δνιμεν), from δῡ́ω enter, φθίμην (for *φθιιμην), φθῖτο (for *φθιιτο) from φθίνω waste away, perish.

75213 a. A few liquid verbs in Homer and the Attic poets have a future in –σω (cf. § 204 a): thus, ὄρνῦμι rouse, fut. ὄρσω.

76218 a. In Homer the first perfect is found only in vowel verbs.

77219 a. Properly in the perfect system (which really belongs to the –μι– form of inflection) we should have in the singular of the indicative active the form of the theme with o, and elsewhere the form with no vowel or with a (§ 14). (Compare the inflection of οἶδα, § 250.) Many peculiar forms in Homer are made clear by this simple fact: thus, εἴκτην, from ἔοικα am like; ἐπέπιθμεν, from πέ-ποιθ-α trust; γεγάτην (for *ye-yv-rn, § 14, 1, note), from yé-yor-a have become ; πέ-πασθε (for *re-rad-re, § 90), from πέ-πονθ-α have suffered. So also πε-ϕυγ-μένος, perfect middle participle of φεύγω flee. So also in Attic τέ-τραµ-μαι, τέ-θραµ-μαι, ἕ-στραμ-μαι, ete. (§ 224, 1, note).

219, 1a. Homer never makes rough a labial or palatal mute in the perfect active.

78222 a. Ionic usually has the uncontracted forms –εα, –εα–ς, –εε in the singular of the pluperfect: thus, πεποίθεα trusted, ἤδεε(ν) knew.

79226 a. In Ionic the endings –ᾱται, –ατο (Attic –νται, –ντο, § 167 d), are employed in the third plural with consonant themes, and sometimes even with vowel themes; before these endings π, β, κ, γ are usually changed to the corresponding rough mutes: thus, τε-τάχ-αται, ἐ-τε-τάχ-ατο, from τάττω (ταγ-) arrange (Attic τεταγµένοι εἰσί, τεταγµένοι ἧσαν). So also βε-βλή-ατο, from βάλλω (βαλ-) throw. Herodotus is very fond of these endings, and uses them often with vowel verbs (the vowel before them being always made short): thus, οἰκέ-αται (Attic ᾤκη-νται), from οἰκῶ (-έω) inhabit.