John Anthony McGuckin

The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Источник

Содержание

Editor

MAPS

A

Afanasiev, Nicholas (1893–1966)Africa, Orthodoxy inAkathistosAlbania, Orthodox Church ofAlexandria, Patriarchate ofAmboAmnosAnagnostes (Reader)AnalogionAnaphoraAnastasimatarionAngelsAnglicanism, Orthodoxy andAnointing of the SickAntidoronAntimensionAntioch, Patriarchate ofApocalypticApodeipnonApodosisApolysisApolytikionApophaticismApostichaApostolic SuccessionArchdeaconArchitecture, Orthodox ChurchArianismArmenian ChristianityArtoklasiaArtophorionAsceticismAssyrian Apostolic Church of the EastAsteriskAustralasia, Orthodox Church inAutocephalyAutomelon

B

BaptismBarlaam of Calabria (ca. 1290–1348)Behr-Sigel, Elisabeth (1907–2005)BelarusBerdiaev, Nikolai A. (1874–1948)BibleBioethics, Orthodoxy andBlessing RitualsBogomilsBulgakov, Sergius (Sergei) (1871–1944)Bulgaria, Patriarchal Orthodox Church of

C

Caerularios, Michael (d. 1059)CalendarCanon LawCanonizationCappadocian FathersCassia the PoetCatechumensCharityChastityCheesefare (Sunday of)CherubikonChina, Autonomous Orthodox Church ofChorepiscoposChrismationChristChurch (Orthodox Ecclesiology)Communion of SaintsConfessionConstantinople, Patriarchate ofContemporary Orthodox TheologyCoptic OrthodoxyCouncil of Chalcedon (451)Council of Constantinople I (381)Council of Constantinople II (553)Council of Ephesus (431)Council of Nicea I (325)Council of Nicea II (787)CrossCzech Lands and Slovakia, Orthodox Church of

D

DeaconDeaconessDeath (and Funeral)DeisisDesert Fathers and MothersDiakonikonDivine Liturgy, OrthodoxDormitionDoxastikon

E

Eastern Catholic ChurchesEcologyEcumenical CouncilsEcumenism, Orthodoxy andEducationEiletarionEiletonEkphonesisElder (Starets)Eleousa (Umilenie)Environmental EthicsEothinaEphymnionEpiclesisEpiscopacyEpitrachelionEschatologyEstonia, Orthodox Church inEthicsEucharistEuchologionEvangelismEvlogitariaExaposteilarionExarchExcommunicationExorcism

F

FastingFatherhood of GodFeastsFilioqueFinland, Autonomous Orthodox Church ofFlorence, Council of (1438–1439)Florovsky, Georges V. (1893–1979)Fools, Holy

G

Georgia, Patriarchal Orthodox Church ofGlykophilousaGnosticismGospelGraceGreat WeekGreece, Orthodox Church ofGregory of Cyprus

H

HadesHagiographyHealingHeirmologionHeresyHesychasmHexapsalmoiHieratikonHodegitriaHoly SpiritHoly TrinityHorologionHumanityHymnographyHypakoe

I

Iasi (Jassy), Synod of (1642)IconoclasmIconography, Styles ofIconostasisIconsIdiomelonImiaslavieIncarnation (of the Logos)IncenseIslam, Orthodoxy andIson

J

Japan, Autonomous Orthodox Church ofJeremias II, Patriarch (1572–1595)Jerusalem, Patriarchate ofJesus PrayerJudaism, Orthodoxy andJudgment

K

KalymauchionKatavasiaKathismaKathismataKazakhstan, Orthodoxy inKlobukKollyvaKollyvadic FathersKontakionKoukoulion

L

LambLampadariosLanceLatvia, Orthodoxy inLithuania, Orthodoxy inLiturgical BooksLogos TheologyLossky, Vladimir (1903–1958)LoveLyons, Council of (1274)

M

Malankara Orthodox Syrian ChurchMandorlaMaronitesMarriageMaximus the Greek (1470–1555)MeatfareMegalomartyr SaintsMelismasMen, Alexander (1935–1990)MenaionMesonyktikonMetanie (Metanoia)MeteoraMeyendorff, John (1926–1992)Military SaintsMiraclesMissionMoghila, Peter (1596–1646)Moldova, Orthodoxy inMonasticismMonothelitismMother Maria Skobtsova (1891–1945)Mount AthosMusic (Sacred)Myrobletes SaintsMystery (Sacrament)

N

Name (Name Day)Nativity of the LordNativity of the TheotokosNestorianismNeumesNew MartyrsNewly Revealed SaintsNikephoros Blemmydes (1197–1272)Niptic Books (Paterika)Nissiotis, Nikos (1925–1986)Non-Possessors (Nil Sorskii)

O

OdeOktoechosOld BelieversOld TestamentOptinaOrdinationOriginal SinOrthros (Matins)Ottoman Yoke

P

PanagiaPanikhidaPannychisPantocrator IconParadiseParaklesisParaklitikeParousiaPaschaPassion BearersPaterikonPatristicsPentarchyPentecost, Feast ofPentekostarionPenthosPhelonionPhilosophyPhotogogikaPilgrim, Way of thePlatyteraPneumatologyPokrovPoland, Orthodox Church ofPontike, Evagrios (ca. 345–399)Possessors (Joseph of Volotsk)PrayerPrayer of the HeartPriesthoodProimionProkeimenonProskomedie (Prothesis)ProsomoiaProsphoraProtecting VeilProthesisProtodeaconProtopsaltesPsaltes (Cantor)PsilanthropismPsychosabbaton

Q

Quinisext Council (Council in Trullo) (692)

R

RelicsRepentanceResurrectionRhipidion (Fan)Romania, Patriarchal Orthodox Church ofRome, Ancient Patriarchate ofRoyal DoorsRussia, Patriarchal Orthodox Church of

S

St. Alexis TothSt. Andrei Rublev (ca. 1360–1430)St. Dionysius the AreopagiteSt. Dorotheos of Gaza (6th c.)St. Ephrem the Syrian (ca. 306–373/379)St. FeofanSt. Filaret (Philaret) Drozdov (1782–1867)St. Gregory the Great, Pope (ca. 540–604)St. Gregory Palamas (1296–1359)St. Herman of AlaskaSt. Ignatius BrianchaninovSt. Innocent of AlaskaSt. Isaac the Syrian (7th c.)St. John Cassian (ca. 360-ca. 435)St. John Chrysostom (349–407)St. John of Damascus (ca. 675-ca. 750)St. John Klimakos (ca. 579-ca. 659)St. Macarius (4th c.)St. Mark of Ephesus (1392–1445)St. Maximos the Confessor (580–662)St. Nicholas Cabasilas (ca. 1322-ca. 1391)St. Nicholas the WonderworkerSt. Paisy Velichovsky (1722–1794)St. Photios the Great (ca. 810-ca. 893)St. Romanos the Melodist (6th c.)St. Seraphim of Sarov (1759–1833)St. Tikhon (Belavin) (1865–1925)Sts. Barsanuphius and John (6th c.)Schmemann, Alexander (1921–1983)Scholarios, George (Gennadios) (ca. 1403–1472)SemandronSexual EthicsSinSinai, Autocephalous Church ofSkouphoSolovyov, Vladimir (1853–1900)SophiologySoteriologyStaniloae, Dumitru (1903–1993)StaretsStavrophoreStethatos, Niketas (ca. 1005–1085)SticharionSticheronStylite SaintsSubdeaconSyrian Orthodox Churches

T

TeretismataTheophan the Greek (ca. 1340–1410)Theophany, Feast ofTheophylact of Ohrid (ca. 1050–1108)TheotokionTheotokos, the Blessed VirginTraditionTriodionTroparionTropes

U

Ukraine, Orthodoxy in theUniateUnited States of America, Orthodoxy in theUnmercenary Saints

V

Vespers (Hesperinos)VestmentsVirgins

W

WarWealthWestern Europe, Orthodoxy inWidowsWomen in OrthodoxyWorld Religions, Orthodoxy andYannaras, Christos (b. 1935)

 

 

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of John Anthony McGuckin to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity/edited by John Anthony McGuckin. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–4051–8539–4 (hardcover: alk. paper)

1. Orthodox Eastern Church-Encyclopedias. I. McGuckin, John Anthony.

BX230.E53 2011 281».503-dc22

2010029190

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 978144439253;

Wiley Online Library 9781444392555; ePub 9781444392548

Set in 9.5/11pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Editor

John Anthony McGuckin, Union Theological Seminary, New York, USA

Associate Editors

Julia Konstantinovsky, Wolfson College, Oxford, UK Justin M. Lasser, Columbia University, USA

Contributors

Stamenka E. Antonova, Columbia University, USA

Antonia Atanassova, Boston College, USA Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University, USA Timothy J. Becker, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, USA Nicholas Birns, New School, New York, USA Peter C. Bouteneff, St Vladimir’s Seminary, USA Kenneth Carveley, University of Oxford, UK Augustine Casiday, University of Wales, Lampeter, UK John Chryssavgis, Theological Advisor to the Ecumenical Patriarch, USA Dimitri Conomos, University of Oxford and University of London, UK Theodor Damian, Metropolitan College of New York, USA George E. Demacopoulos, Fordham University, USA Edward Epsen, Champlain College, USA Thomas FitzGerald, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, USA Bruce Foltz, Eckerd College, Florida, USA Todd E. French, Columbia University, USA Konstantin Gavrilkin, Christ the Savior Orthodox Church (The Orthodox Church of America), USA Paul Gavrilyuk, University of St. Thomas, USA Paschalis Gkortsilas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Tamara Grdzelidze, World Council of Churches, Switzerland Perry T. Hamalis, North Central College, USA Chad Hatfield, St. Vladimir’s Seminary, USA Susan R. Holman, Harvard School of Public Health, USA Andrei I. Holodny, Weill Medical College of Cornell University USA Cyril Hovorun, Metropolitan’s Administration, Kiev Caves Lavra, Ukraine Brenda Llewellyn Ihssen, Pacific Lutheran University, USA Valentina Izmirlieva, Columbia University, USA Metropolitan Kallistos, Bishop of Diokleia, UK Evangelos Katafylis, University of Cambridge, UK Scott M. Kenworthy, Miami University, USA Thomas Kitson, Columbia University, USA Julia Konstantinovsky, Wolfson College, University of Oxford, UK Justin M. Lasser, Columbia University, USA Andrew Louth, University of Durham, UK Maria Gwyn McDowell, Boston College, USA John A. McGuckin, Columbia University, USA Samuel Nedelsky, Monastery of St. Job of Pochaev, Germany Wendy Paula Nicholson, University of Southampton, UK Irina Paert, Tallinn University, Estonia Aristotle Papanikolaou, Fordham University, USA Eugen J. Pentiuc, Holy Cross School of Theology, USA Matthew J. Pereira, Columbia University, USA Jeffrey B. Pettis, Fordham University, USA Marcus Plested, Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies, Cambridge, UK Andrei Psarev, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox Seminary, Pennsylvania Dan Sandu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Vera Shevzov, Smith College, USA A. Edward Siecienski, Richard Stockton College ofNew Jersey, USA James C. Skedros, Holy Cross School of Theology, USA M. C. Steenberg, Trinity and All Saints, Leeds, UK Theodore G. Stylianopoulos, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, USA Stephen Thomas, Southampton, UK Tenny Thomas, Union Theological Seminary, USA Tarmo Toom, Catholic University of America, USA Sergey Trostyanskiy, Columbia University, USA Niki J. Tsironis, The National Hellenic Research Foundation, Greece Sotirios A. Vlavianos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Monica M. White, University of Nottingham, UK Philip Zymaris, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, USA

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Orthodoxy is old Christianity, but not antique; for it retains a freshness about it which belies all attempts (by its enemies and some of its supporters) to render it into a sustained exercise in antiquarianism. It is old in wisdom, we like to think, but fresh in its evangelical spirit: renewed by that Omega which is also the Alpha, the beginning, not simply the end. It is a Christian experience that many think they know, and often characterize in terms of its “traditionalism,” its slowness to react to many things. This of course can often be a good thing. Being dogged, for example, allowed Orthodoxy to outlive, and more than outlive, its persecutors of the 20th century who greatly outmatched the feroc­ity of the ancient persecutors of the church; for the 20th century was (by any account) the age of the greatest persecutions the Church of Christ has ever endured. No Nero, Diocletian, or Galerius could ever match up to the oppressions put upon the Eastern Church by the Stalins, Hoxhas, or Ceauşescus of the age of totalitarians. In this gloomy herding together of the Eastern Orthodox world by communist authori­ties, the witness had to be one of the most basic facts of endurance. Those who know Orthodoxy more intimately than simply seeing its quaintness or its traditionalism will recognize its heroic witness in the course of the 20th century.

Today, after the irreversible fall into the dust of so many of these tyrants, who once thought they would rule forever, the intoxicating sense of joyful liberation has often passed away too, in much of Soviet- zone Eastern Europe, and the colder breezes of reality coming after the heady 1990s have been felt. Serious economic and social disorders are still to be dealt with as a long-lasting legacy of the destruc­tion communism left behind itself. For the Orthodox Church, which suffered the purging of so many of its leaders over so many decades, and the wholesale destruc­tion of its social mission, its church build­ings, and its educational system, a similar scale of traumatic damage is undoubtedly going to be a legacy that will continue for a few generations to come. After such levels of trauma, recovery takes longer than after simple setbacks. It is perhaps the destiny of our times to see Orthodoxy climbing back up from its knees once more, while at the same time Christian practice and culture in Western Europe seems to enter into a new bleak era, neglected and despised by an alleged new humanism which mocks its own ancestral religious tradition as well as its ancient and inseparable moral and intel­lectual heritage: things which betoken long-term social problems in terms of the transmission of societal civilized values and ethico-social cohesion in western societies.

Orthodoxy, while always having a robust sense of its theological identity, is in the course of this present era in a constant state of flux; involving growth, but also drawing the Eastern Church into areas of indeterminate conditions: strange environments it has not yet been fully able to parallel with familiar ancient prece­dents so as to help it navigate towards a new hermeneutic. Sometimes western commentators, however unbalanced they may be, have been given a hearing as they attempted to draw the boundaries of civi­lization as concomitant with the western political and religious borders of the Mediterranean, excluding the Orthodox nations as if they were of little or no impor­tance. This position (which in my mind is a cleverly masked form of prejudice) conve­niently forgets that Orthodoxy has had its schools smashed by hostile conquerors or oppressive totalitarians not only for the last seventy years, but for the last five hundred. How many centuries does it take to rees­tablish an intellectual tradition? A life of the mind to match the elan of a cultural and artistic fabric? While the West was establishing the Renaissance on the base of its late medieval university cities, the Christian East was falling relentlessly before ascendant Islamic military might. It was a submergence into a forcibly imposed Sharia law, a twilight existence for a conquered ethnos, that permitted par­tial cultic existence to the Orthodox Church but certainly not an independently continuing intellectual life. The schools, seminaries, printing presses, and caucuses of intellectuals belonging to the Orthodox were mostly doomed and soon were almost all entirely extinguished except for sym­bolic residues – those few able to secure their independence from the power of the Ottomans, or to pay for a limited degree of autonomy. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russia continued on, and Ukraine, Romania, Athos, and Sinai became, at var­ious times, fortresses of Orthodox culture under immense external pressures. But even so, Orthodoxy lost its university ethos definitively; lost its broadly spread intelligentsia, its sponsoring aristocracy; lost therefore its grasp on the tiller of cul­ture-making – a role it had so clearly excelled in for its first millennium. Instead, it had to, by force of hostile cir­cumstance, turn more inward towards cul­tural and ecclesiastic preservation. Nothing replaced the university and aristocratic caucuses (the leavening effect of the impe­rial court and its ability to attract interna­tional talent to the Orthodox center) and monastic culture took up the fallen crown. Monastic leadership has guided and safeguarded Orthodoxy ever since, and made a faithful job of it; but the wider intellectual culture of the Eastern Church was inevitably narrowed into slower and more mystical channels than Orthodoxy had known as part of its vital fabric in earlier, more independent and more flourishing political circumstances. Those who in recent centuries have often scorned or mocked the alleged inability of Orthodox theologians and church leaders to match the intellectual sophistication of the West, are often laughing, albeit unwittingly, at the sorrows of conquered peoples – in a manner like the Queen of France who thought cake would substitute sufficiently well for the lack of bread.

Orthodox Christian intellectual life, however, once shone radiantly in so many periods past, and just as at times its radi­ance seemed self-assured, so too, just as often, historic reversals and disasters have dimmed it, sometimes crushed it for many generations. The schools of Byzantium were once a model to the world, reformu­lating the glories of patristic eloquence and extending their spirit of biblical interpreta­tion so as to make a sustained set of varia­tions on Roman Law and Civilization, such that the ages of Byzantium truly became a monument of world Christian culture. But even at their height these cultural achievements were cut short. Long before the last emperor fell in the Saint Romanos gate at Constantinople in 1453, the eastern Roman capital’s intellectual life was a shadow of its former vitality. It was falling prey to the temptation to live in a virtual reality (a temptation the Orthodox Church must resist in all generations). To take one example: the medieval scholar Theodore Metochites, a leading Byzantine astronomer, Grand Logothete of the Empire, and the builder of that exquisite Constantinopolitan church St. Savior in Chora, used the newly invented Arabian astrolabe for all his practical navigational computations, but continued to comment at length upon Ptolemy. He looked and touched, but did not see. Constantinople towards the end of its glory had, for several centuries, nurtured the exiles from other major Christian centers of learning, such as Edessa, Alexandria, Antioch, Caesarea, or Jerusalem, all of which themselves had once shone bright with the flash of Greek Fire as schools of Christian learning in Antiquity but which, one by one, had fallen to the ravages of enemies or time, and often ceased to exist as Christian centers at all. After the collapse of Byzantium the Russian tsars saw themselves as the inheritors of the duty to protect Orthodoxy, calling their nation “The Third Rome.”

Today, although Russian Orthodoxy is by far the largest power bloc of the world Orthodox families, no one seriously expects a Christian tsar to reemerge; and not all have happy memories about the tsar’s effect on the church when he was master of the Russian Empire. The patriarchate of Constantinople was used by the Ottoman sultans in a way that gave it, through the late medieval period and through to the end of the 19th century, an international prestige as leader of all Eastern Christians in the Ottoman imperial domains. But today the Phanar suffers, and its local Christians have dwindled to the point of vanishing. Its ecclesial and political base now effectively resides in North America and Australia. However, it retains its ancient prestige among world Orthodoxy, in a way excelling the other ancient patriarchates such as Alexandria or Antioch or Jerusalem, who retain more of a ceremonial role in world Orthodox affairs. By the grace of God the patriarch of Constantinople has not dwindled to the status of a canonical “virtual reality” and still exercises a high moral authority above and beyond his role in specific legal church affairs. Other Orthodox patriarchs who were once long silenced, or degraded by oppressors, have again come into freedom. The presence of learned and insightful leaders in these high patriarchal sees will continue to be of critical importance in this age of mass media. But as articulators of world Orthodoxy the collective Sobor of these national patriarchs increasingly has to look beyond their nations and national interests, to wider and more inclusive hori­zons. The reemergence of the large Eastern European Orthodox Churches has changed the world scene definitively as the 21st cen­tury now progresses; and what world Orthodoxy will do in the coming century remains to be seen. But the prospects look good, and hopeful, as new and highly edu­cated leaders emerge, and the schools and monasteries, theological academies and church social projects slowly come back into existence across the former commu­nist world.

Orthodoxy also started to come of age in the New World in the latter part of the 20th century. It developed a significant body of theologians who are at once contemporary and yet rooted in past prece­dents, and commonly joined together in a spiritual harmony bearing a deep respect for tradition. In this, modern Orthodoxy has, in a real sense, an advantage that its theologians and spiritual teachers, its bishops, and patriarchs are all, genuinely, bonded together in the faith, and share that faith with the laity, intelligent or simple, in a way that many other ecclesial groups in the West cannot any longer sustain. These things will prove to be great resources for an intellectual flowering of Orthodox intel­lectual life in the 21st century. Orthodoxy’s spiritual resources, its monastic centers, its continued central focus on liturgy and prayer, on the fidelity to the gifts of the Spirit, remain at its core; and as long as they do the inner life and spirit of the church will itself remain evergreen.

Today, unarguably so, there are also numerous international signs of a reviving intellectual life among the Orthodox Greeks, Russians, Romanians, Serbs, and many other Orthodox church families. Several historic theological faculties have reopened or have been newly founded, all promising signs for the future. Throughout the English-speaking world, Orthodoxy is beginning to be represented in several secu­lar schools of higher learning, and engaging with Protestant and Catholic iterations of theology on its own terms, offering its distinctive voice in the expression of Christian theological concern on matters of doctrine, ethics, ecumenicity, and worship.

This encyclopedia has been written, almost entirely so, out of the talents of English-speaking Orthodox thinkers, across a wide international spectrum. It is therefore one of the few existing resources, of the highest intellectual standard, that allow Orthodoxy to speak with its own voice, in its own intonations, no longer as a subal­tern. What has emerged is authentically Orthodox scholarship in full engagement with historic and theological evidences, open in mentality and aspect, and at the same time deeply rooted in its values and spiritual traditions and proud to articulate them. The encyclopedia is itself one bright sign of the emerging revival of Orthodox intellectual life at the highest levels of the Academy, offering a reference resource for the life and culture of Eastern Christianity which will, on publication, be the largest and one of the most authoritative reference works in the English language for world Orthodoxy.

It has been a privilege and a pleasure working with all the contributors who are acknowledged national and international experts in their own fields. It has also been a delight to have worked with Wiley- Blackwell’s team of professionals. The press not only sponsored and encouraged this work from the outset, but have been at pains to make it appear in the most artistic way possible; aligning their skill in technol­ogy with a clear eye for the beautiful ( to kalon). In hard copy, this is a lovely set of volumes that will grace any study and enhance any academic library as an indis­pensable study tool. In its electronic form this is destined to be a worldwide resource that will illuminate matters of the Eastern Christian tradition at the touch of a button – something that the ancient Orthodox theologians and mystics would surely have wondered at. Special thanks are due to Wiley-Blackwell’s Executive Commissioning Editor, Rebecca Harkin, whose enthusiasm moved the project towards the light of day. Thanks too are owed to Sophie Oliver for her indefatigable work in putting the materials together on the Web, to Brigitte Lee Messenger and Jack Messenger for copyediting, and to Barbara Duke and Jane Taylor for their labors in production and image management.

The encyclopedia benefited notably from the wisdom and critical insight of Revd. Dr. Konstantin Gavrilkin, who also contributed many of the articles relating to Slavic Orthodoxy. The Assistant Editors are both young Orthodox intellectuals whose research has already broken new ground. The first, the Revd. Dr. Julia (Seraphima) Konstantinovsky, a monastic of the commu­nity of Fr. Sophronios in Essex and now a tutor in the Oxford University Faculty of Theology, is an expert in early Christian studies, and a world-class perita in matters relating to the spiritual tradition of early monastic communities, especially the Greek and Syriac circles around Evagrios Pontike. Dr. Justin Lasser has worked in fields as disparate as the Nag Hammadi Gnostic texts, Proto-Syrian Christianity (with a doctoral dissertation from Union Theological Seminary on the Thomas tra­dition), and Ethiopian Orthodoxy, learn­ing Ge’ez along with Coptic, Greek, and Syriac to enable him better to understand the world of the early fathers and mothers. It has been a delight to work alongside them both, and to feel that with such a “Cloud of Witnesses” as these, and the splendid array of writers that we amassed for this project, the appearance of this encyclopedia is not an errant swallow, but a further sign of what a great patristic divine, John Henry Newman, himself once called (in a different time and circum­stance) a “Second Spring.”

It is with pleasure, and a sense of a very large and important scholarly task brought to a fine completion, that I can now put this work before the reading public, more than confident too that it will serve the affairs of Church and Academy luminously for many decades to come.

V. Revd. Prof. John A. McGuckin Priest of the Romanian Orthodox Church Feast of the Learned Hierarch St. Grigorie Dascalui, Metropolitan of the Romanians

MAPS

Map 1 The Early Christian world.

Map 2 Early Christian Egypt

Mediterranean Sea

Map 3 Early Christian Rome.


Источник: The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity / John Anthony McGuckin - Maldin : John Wiley; Sons Limited, 2012. - 862 p.

Комментарии для сайта Cackle